Compressed Work Week

Compressed work week is an alternative work arrangement where a standard workweek is reduced to fewer than five days, and employees make up the full number of hours per-week by working longer hours. The most common option in a compressed workweek is working four 10-hour days. Some organizations have been organized in measuring outcomes and perceptions amongst stakeholders, while other organizations are pleased to move to a compressed work schedule simply because management believes the employees are satisfied.There are even organizations that are going back to a traditional work schedule after having implemented a compressed work schedule, due to lack of structure. Organizations today are being challenged with a variety of new obstacles. This is due to the results of much social, political, and economic confusion in the world today. These changes can have a huge impact on organizational behavior, such as today’s global context in organizations. Global economy, in which busines ses of different nations and cultures operate, come together to conduct business.As a result of the change in the global economy there is a drastic increase in competition for consumers. Companies have had to make structural and behavioral changes just to stay afloat. Organizational structure, as we all know, is the relationship of responsibility and authority between groups, as well as individuals and the organization. The better the company knows their organizational structure the more effectively they can interact with it and know what is best for the organization.In the 1940s, social psychologist Kurt Lewin developed a simple three step model as a way of looking at change that has helped many organizational leaders manage resistance to change. The three steps that were developed by Kurt Lewin were: (1) Unfreezing (2) Moving (3) Refreezing. The first step helps identify what needs unfreezing; what significant event(s) occurred to make people most affected. Next, active participat ion by the affected parties in the change process is most effective and important for communication. It helps implement change and barriers that affect change.This helps the movement step in order to analyze the results of the new system. The final step is the refreezing step which puts the new system into place, with backup from the analyze data. If the analyzed data is tested, debugged, and efficient then the new system is a go, but if there are flaws then maybe the beginning obstacle just needed tweaking, but not changing the system entirely. According to Lewin’s force field analysis, â€Å"a person’s behavior is the result of two opposing forces: the force that maintains the status quo (staying the same) and the force that pushes for change.When the two opposing forces are equal, the current behavior is sustained, creating an equilibrium† (Cronshaw, 2008). â€Å"While Lewin’s change model does not spell out in detail what change agents need to do to effect change, it does illuminate with remarkable clarity the major steps that each such effort must follow to be successful. As such, it is a powerful tool that deserves a place in the toolbox of every would-be change enabler† (Cronshaw, 2008). As with any change within a company, there are always weighted pros and cons.Even though the advantages out way the disadvantages on this particular concept, a big disadvantage to look at would be the marketing aspect of the company. â€Å"Even though the compressed work week would provide job satisfaction for employees, what does it do to the customers† (Rotenberg, 1977). Management personnel would have to staff the office on the fifth day to maintain communications with customers, which would make for management personnel to come in and supervise.This disadvantage would leave fewer days to provide service to customers, which would make them irritated and seek other companies. If your company is working a compressed work week a nd other business are not, then how can businesses work together if some operate a 9-5 business week? As much as this compressed work week sounds appealing, take a look at the working families and their struggles. â€Å"Their stress levels are higher, especially for mothers because they are the ones doing most of the cooking and child care.Longer days at the office can lead to a more stressed life for women due to the demand of responsibilities at home† (Carey, 1997). When both working spouses come home for a longer day at work, due to compressed work week, they are tired and only have time for dinner, shower, and bed. There are normally few hours left in the day to do odds and ends around the house or to spend time with their children going over their day; the more that chores that are â€Å"put off† the more stressed parents get.Another disadvantage to the seemingly appealing work week is the lack of actual work. â€Å"Some workers on extended work days may pace the mselves differently than workers on traditional shifts. Other employees may slow down at the end of a day as fatigue sets in† (Humphrey, 2012). This could also mean more break times or even longer breaks, which could mean less work is actually being down in a week when compared to a traditional work week. Something else to think about would be the holiday and vacation hours. Employers typically pay holiday reimbursement as eight hours, requiring employees on extended work days to use their vacation pay to compensate. Some employees become unhappy when forced to use their vacation in this manner† (Humphrey, 2012). As organizations begin to find themselves having to deal with more complex environments, change methodologies that focus on the problem, such as Kurt Lewin’s three step method, will help put in perspective the ramifications of change.Is it okay to put a few employees concerns at heart, but not look at the other half of the employees concern? Is it better to look at a different alternative to work schedules? What will benefit the company’s global aspect, customer service aspect, and employee aspect. What measures will be sufficient enough to bring higher performance, efficient marketing and employee satisfaction? All these questions and the help of Kurt Kewin’s method will help each organization make an educated judgment about their company.

Managing quality customer servise in a gaming webste company

Working in the assumption that I am managing a team that provides content for a gaming website whose ultimate goal is to land a spot in Alexa Ranking’s Top Ten (preferably to take over the number one slot; and the company is currently playing around the 1,500 position), this paper will draft the customer service and complaint image that my company must adapt to attract more page hits and views that will result to the company ultimately achieving its goal. Although website readers may be violently contested as not being strictly customers, they are the ones that click on links and generate Google ads – therefore, it is their support that keeps a website afloat. With that reason, readers can be classified as customers. As the content of a website is the product that this kind of customers ‘purchase’, it is necessary that everything that goes up on a website – the articles, the advertisements, and the layout – is of high quality. Keeping in my mind the truth that readers are the lifeline of a website, my company should live with the following vision/mission: Mission: Provide the readers around the globe necessary information on the latest generation of gaming consoles: Microsoft’s Xbox 360, Sony’s PlayStation 3, and Nintendo’s Wii for home consoles and Sony PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS/DS Lite for hand consoles. This we should do by updating the website 24/7 with fresh news gathered from each console-maker’s press kits and websites and from other reliable sources and websites. â€Å"Necessary† will be defined by the readers themselves through a number of steps with the sole purpose of getting pertinent opinion from them. After all, â€Å"Customer service is meeting the needs and expectations of the customer as defined by the customer.† (Directory Journal, 2007) Vision: The above mission, if executed properly, will create for the company a certain image that will make it more appealing to readers and, ultimately, sponsors. It is therefore inevitable that with the mission goes the following vision: 1.The website will be known as the most up-to-date websites around. 2. It will be in the top ten of Alexa’s Top Sites. 3. It will be known that the website is reader-oriented and always keeps the readers’ opinions into consideration, making changes according to popular demand. 4.It will, by page views and hits alone, generate enough income to keep the company afloat. 5.It will, through additional income from advertisements, expand to covering other issues and or stories that may or may not be gaming-related but still caters to what the present and future readers want. To be able to achieve the company’s mission/vision, it will be essential to create a great customer service plan that will improve the current service, leading to maintaining the present readers and expanding the website’s reach. According to Martin (1989), there are five steps a company must undergo to make that leap from â€Å"where the customer service is now† to â€Å"where you want it to be†: 1. Understand your customers. 2. Set superior service standards. 3.Build a winning team. 4.Check up regularly. 5.Provide proactive problem solving. These steps will roughly be the basis for the company’s building of a better customer service management. First and foremost, the company should be able to get the demographics of the readers and then gather the reasons why these readers support the website. Currently, the website can be accessed by anybody – members and non-members alike. This works to the site’s advantage because it lets anybody else view the content, encouraging more readers to visit the site and possibly bookmark it for future viewing. But this will make it hard for the company to outline who the readers are (‘understanding customers’). While it is in the best interest of the company to make it open, it will also be wise to ‘force’ the visitors of the site to register, hence making it easier to track the audience. To go about this, the company should create content that will be exclusive only to members – example are reviews to high-profile games are exclusive downloads of trailers and demos. To make this move popular with the viewers of the site, the following steps should be undertaken: Put up an article announcing that members will now start getting more for their continued support. The article should highlight that aside being able to post comments, which is the only privilege they are currently enjoying, they will now be able to access exclusive content. It should be emphasized that membership is totally free. Make the sign-up box more prominent and place a visible link to the article explaining why they should become a member. Place a ‘testimonials’ corner where members can rave about the advantages of being a member. In short, make the non-members realize that they are indeed missing out on a lot of exciting materials. Of course, aside from making it easier for the company to note the demographics of its readers, the move to make exclusive content will also give the website an air of excitement that is sure to buzz through the Internet pipeline, and this is sure to attract more readers. To ensure that the website delivers exactly what the readers want, the company should undergo a three-fold process of knowing reader preferences. The first fold involves a team focused on mapping out customer trends. The team will concentrate on checking out which articles of the company’s website – which we’ll now dub as GamingWebsite.com – actually generate more page views and positive comments. This will also go hand-in-hand with determining what the readers’ complaints are by sifting through the comments. Going out of GamingWebsite.com and scanning the worldwide web for any comments on the site will be tasked to another team. Since not everybody deem it necessary to leave a comment on the actual website and are sometimes taken to spreading their opinions via other means (Ilett, 2007), this team will have to actively scan forums plus blogs and check out what the people are saying about GamingWebsite.com and try to thank the people for any praises posted. If utterly necessary, the members of this particular team will also rectify any damage a detrimental comment may cause; this will be done through a polite and apologizing manner so as not to make the commenter feel attacked. Having this team is not only useful in knowing what the people are saying about the company but can also boost the company’s website. GamingWebsite.com’s constant presence on readers’ personal forums and blogs can make the readers feel important making them keener to spread word that the company’s website is not just another website because is aims to build a more personal connection. Also a must for getting reader preference is the installation of chat support, implementation of an â€Å"e-mail us† campaign, and dissemination of e-mail surveys. Right now, the only way a reader can communicate to a writer or administrator of the site is via article comment, making general comments, complaints, and commendations lost in article-related comments. Having a chat support and an â€Å"e-mail us† campaign will provide a venue for all these, making it easier for the company to address any issues brought about by the readers. And to be able to acquire the exact information the company wants from its readers, it may opt to send out a quarterly survey e-mail to all members. This tracking of the audience will now make it possible to put up articles that are less a result of whim and more of reason (MacGregor). Therefore, all information gathered from the measures mentioned above – demographics, customer trends, persistent positive and negative feedbacks from non-GamingWebsite.com sites, constant chat and e-mail support issues, and results of surveys – will have to be forwarded to the team leaders of the writing team. The team leaders would then have to map out what kind of articles should and should not be put up on the site. With a number of new processes, the company structure would definitely have to change – but not that drastically. New teams assigned to the new processes would just have to be created under a new roof called â€Å"Customer Research†. The greatest impact of this to the existing teams will be the enforcement of a more evidence-based editing of articles. With information straight from the readers themselves, the researchers will now know exactly which leads to forward to the writers and editors will have a more definitive reason for denying an article. Because of this, the writing team will now not have to â€Å"make their way in the dark† but instead would have enhanced professionalism due to the fact that everybody is unified in having a clear view of the path the company is supposed to tread. As have been mentioned above, this new customer service management plan will create this image that GamingWebsite.com creates a personal relationship with its readers and its primary aim is to please the readers. With the clearly drafted survey e-mail that communicates that the website is aimed at delivering exactly what the readers want to read, it will be hard for the readers to deny that GamingWebsite.com is serous about publishing only articles that matters. This image will surely raise the bar as to customer expectations but with the continuing exercise of the new customer service management, the website will be able to meet these expectations. Indeed, catering to an online audience is hard, especially since the product is also hard to gauge. There are a lot of websites out there and a lot of them will also cater to the same audience, but keeping a scientific approach will definitely give one an edge. But it cannot all be science; there should also be just the right amount of personalization that will make the readers feel that the website is not just about business and generating page views and ads but is also about making a connection. This is the formula that the new image and the set of actions detailed are trying to aim for. And with people naturally wanting attention, the formula is a cinch to succeed. List of References Directory Journal. 2007. How to Create a Customer Service Plan 2007. [online]. [Accessed 11 August 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: . Ilett, D. 2007. How to find out what’s being said about you. [online]. [Accessed 11 August 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: . MacGregor, P. 2007. Tracking the Online Audience. Journalism Studies, 8 (2), pp. 280-298. Martin, W.B. 1989. Managing Quality Customer Service: A Crisp Fifty-Minute Series Book. Boston, MA: Course Technology. WIKIPEDIA. N.d. Customer service [online]. [Accessed 11 August 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: .

Case study management

Answer 1 Roopali Deshmukh understood the specific objectives of her job and how these objectives and how these objectives fit in with the overall objectives set by the board of directors. Subsequently, she implemented the MBO process as a measure to improve the productivity of her sales team. Effective planning and consistent monitoring on her part as well as the team resulted in the successful implementation of the process. The phases of the MBO process which led to the successful accomplishment of the goals, are hereby discussed: The top management instructed the targets, which set the overall organizational goals and communicated them to the people down the hierarchy. As the marketing manager of the company, having daunting targets to achieve, Roopali initiated the MBO program, inviting participation from her sales team to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. The management did not interfere much with the means of achieving the objectives gave adequate autonomy to its employees in the lower hierarchy to implement progress achieve their plans. She examined the current state of affairs, the levels of efficiency of her team, identifying the opportunities and threats that might have a subsequent impact, thus identifying the key result areas to be attained. She motivated the team to decide on their individual roles and responsibilities to achieve the same, and thus the company’s targets. The objectives for each member of the team were mutually set agreed upon, in context with the company targets decided by management. The next phase involved setting specific time frames with respect to achieving the set objectives, post which plans were laid down on the consistently monitoring the performance over the set goals/objectives. Deshmukh effectively and consistently monitored the individual performance of each of her team member in line with the pre-determined plans, while providing positive feedbacks to the team members for their contributions to the company targets. Such a regular monitoring and periodic review helped not only provide feedback, which is essential for completion of work in time, but also motivated the team and each of the member accountable for his/her objectives. It was ensured on consistent basis, that if there were any deviations from the  pre-determined plans/objectives decided by the team, corrective actions were taken to fix them and overcome the deficiencies. The long term organisational targets as laid down by the top management were accomplished subsequently by the team as a consequence of the MBO program, which basically being a form of participative management additionally helps and encourages the employees as it gave them a sense of belongingness in the company, for the management recognizes their effort and participation in the accomplishment of the organisational goals. Answer 2 Management by Objectives (MBO), a term popularized by the famous management guru and author, Peter Drucker in his book â€Å"Practices of Management† (Drucker, 1954) is a democratic and participative style of management, in the sense that it â€Å"requires the managers/employees to set specific objectives to be achieved in the future and encourages them to continually ask what more can be done, is offered as a partial answer to this question of organizational vitality and creativity† (Thomson, n.d.). In simple terms, MBO is a process or system designed for supervisory managers in which a manager and his or her subordinate come together and jointly set specific objectives to be accomplished within a set time frame and for which the subordinate is then held directly responsible (Thomson, n.d.). MBO involves setting up short-term goals for employees in line with the long-term objectives of the organization. MBO is thus an effective tool for planning, control and developmen t in the organisation. The MBO Process The essential steps or elements in the process of management by objectives are hereby discussed: Management Objectives/Targets Reviewed The first phase in the MBO process involves â€Å"reviewing† the targets/goals laid down by the top management, which are then passed down from one subordinate level to another. The MBO approach injects an element of dialogue into the process of passing plans and objectives from one  organizational level to another. The MBO program is initiated by the top management, which sets the overall organizational goals and communicated them to the people down the hierarchy. Setting Employee / Subordinate Objectives The subordinates then collectively develop a group of specific goals, measures of achievement, and time frames in which the subordinate commits himself or herself to the accomplishment of those goals. The subordinate is then held responsible for the accomplishment of the goals (Jossey-Bass/Pleiffer, 1998). Develop plan of action After fixing the objective, the subordinate and superior make an action plan, which will be used by the subordinates to achieve the objective. It requires assignment of specific responsibilities to different departments, division, and individuals. It also requires allocation of necessary resources needed to perform the assigned responsibilities. It also involves setting specific time frames to achieve the set objectives without delays (Daffodil University, 2009). Periodic Review and Monitoring the progress The subordinates/ team members then evaluate/measure their own performances in line with the predetermined targets/ objectives, so as to fix the deviations and take corrective actions for the same. Performance Appraisal The last step in the process involves performance appraisal of the subordinates/employees evaluated based on the objectives/targets. The employees are rewarded and provided feedback based on their performance, which helps motivate them as the management recognizes their effort and appraises them foe their participation and involvement. Advantages of the Management by Objectives Process: Develops result-oriented philosophy: MBO is a result-oriented philosophy. Managers develop specific individual and group goals, develop appropriate action plans, properly allocate resources and establish control standards. It provides opportunities and motivation to staff to develop and make  positive contribution in achieving the goals of an Organisation (Marketing World, 2012). Better communication and Coordination: Recurrent reviews and communications between managers and subordinates helps to maintain congruous relations within the enterprise and also solve many problems faced during the period. Motivation: Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment increase employee job satisfaction and commitment. This subsequently helps in increasing the employee morale, which has a significant impact on the organisation’ functioning. Effective control: Performance evaluation and monitoring is an integral element of the process of MBO, which is significant for achieving the organisational objectives. Actual performance can be measured against the standards laid down for measurement of performance and deviations are corrected in time. A clear set of verifiable goals provides an outstanding guarantee for exercising better and effective control in the hierarchy (Marketing World, 2012). Expedites personal leadership: MBO enables individual manager to cultivate personal leadership and skills significant for efficient management of activities of a business unit.

How is walt disney company dealing with the challenge of diversity Essay

How is walt disney company dealing with the challenge of diversity - Essay Example Many companies have struggled to unite different employees who have different cultural background and ideologies an aspect that has made some of them to collapse. Nevertheless, Walt Disney Company is one of the companies that have been able to deal with cultural diversity an aspect that has been reflected in the overall returns of the company. This topic will therefore, set the way forward for other companies that are struggling with cultural issues (Esty, Griffin & Hirsch, 1995). Reason why culture has been a challenge One of the main reasons that have made culture a major problem to many companies is that some organization leaders favour some employees based on race, gender and status. This has created divisions in the organizations an aspect that has made it hard for the organization to prosper. In addition, leaders of organizations do not base their appointment, demotion or other organizations activity on performance appraisal and instead they base them on individual’s cul ture (The Walt Disney Company, 2012). Managers lack the skills to manage diversity in the organization. In many instances, managers fail to bring the employees together in order to accomplish a specific goal. Lack of skills therefore makes it hard for the managers to value differences in the organization, combat discrimination. Lack of skills to deal with diverse cultures in the organization therefore, increases cases of prejudices and discrimination. Some of the individual characters of the managers that undermine diversity include negative attitude towards diversity. This topic will therefore, analyze the skills that organizations need to equip their managers with in order to enable them deal with diversity (Conference Board of Canada, 2011). Organizations have been assuming that diversity have little to do with the overall profits of the organization. Respecting diversity in the organization creates team work an aspect that contributes directly to the success of the organization. In order to achieve this, managers need to have open doors for all employees irrespective of their gender, race or even religion (International Labour Office, 2008). Advantages of diversity to the organization One of the main advantages that have been noted in Walt Disney Company is consistent performance due to reduced conflicts emanating from diversity. The company has been able to achieve this through listening to all opinion irrespective of people or an individual employee airing them. As a result, there has been continuous coordination of employees in the organization an aspect that has been replicated in the organization’s performance (Clarke & Chen, 2007). In addition to this, the organization has been able to identify the loopholes that might bring conflicts in the organization. Some of the loopholes include discrimination and prejudice. These two aspects occur; employees feel unwanted in the organization an aspect that reduces their morale to work hard (The Walt Dis ney Company, 2012). Second advantage of diversity is improved reputation in the organization. In Walt Disney Company, customer feel represented an aspect that creates loyalty towards services being offered. In addition, diversity increases ideas as people from diverse regions have different ways of conducting activities an aspect that improves efficiency and overall

Slavery and the Mississippi Secession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Slavery and the Mississippi Secession - Essay Example Using that as the basis, they argued that the Union was taking away their right to own said property and land; and taking the ability to succeed in commerce with the property owned. They felt the Union had interfered with their ownership by allowing escaped slaves to take fugitive in the Free states, by denying protection to the slave ships on the high seas, and removing the ability to acquire more land. In President Lincoln's inaugural address, he specifically addressed the slavery issue with this statement: "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." In fact, the emancipation proclamation did not necessarily free all slaves but those who lived within the Union States. President Lincoln was much more interested in preserving the Union of the United States and felt the South had no right to just arbitrarily seceded: "Again: If the United States be not a government proper, but an association of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it One party to a contract may violate it-break it, so to speak-but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it" There is particular irony between the reason statement: "It advocates negro equality, socially and politically, and promotes insurrection and incendiarism in our midst." and the further reason statement: "It has enlisted its press, its pulpit and its schools against us, until the whole popular mind of the North is excited and inflamed with prejudice." followed by the announcement: "Utter subjugation awaits us in the Union, if we should consent longer to remain in it." (Readings # 109, p. 406) In the first statement, written as one of the reasons for the declaration of secession, they claim that the Union was promoting equality among the slaves, and promoting the slaves to violence if necessary. Within the same document the authors cite their own personal freedoms as reason to secede. But the majority of the document is about how the north (or the Union) is treating the south (or the Confederate States) as non-equal members telling them what they may or may not do. The document descri bes that the result of following the Union dictates would be utter social ruin and complete loss of property, valued at 4 billion dollars. Looking at the value only, one could understand their desire to remove themselves from the Union and by the same token, one could understand the desire of the north not to lose such value. Abraham Lincoln summed it up better in his Gettysburg address, which was written after the start of the Civil War: "All men are created equal." "This nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." November 19, 1863 "A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union" Reading 109. Third Edition. Readings in U. S. History to

CS 1 - Strategic Review XCG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CS 1 - Strategic Review XCG - Essay Example With the help of P2P, Skype was able to operate at low cost and allow users to sign up for their accounts quickly (Jusevicius & Firantas, 2010). In other words, Skype is a software-based platform for communication that is offering top quality along with easy to use tools and features to both consumers and businesses for communication and collaboration worldwide via voice, text and video conversations. Skype has already released numerous versions after its launch so that users can make use of technologically advanced features with utmost ease and enjoy the sensation of having conversation online from anywhere. The best features offered by Skype are video calling, chat rooms, SMS messaging, voicemails and click-to-call. It also offered services especially designed for businesses that comprise of e-mail integration and conferencing which have configuration over Skype Control Panel. Skype has even announced world’s first Wi-Fi-VoIP phone in collaboration with NetGear and is even investing in wireless FON community. According to Skype (2012), the mission of the company is to be the foundation of communication on web that is real-time based. The mission statement of Skype can be defined as â€Å"We enable all users via virtually any of the Internet-connected devices to communicate with each other by using video, voice and instant messaging for free of any charges or even make low cost voice calls to numbers both fixed and mobile anywhere across the world†. As of first half of 2010, Skype had 124 million connected users who placed about 95 billion calling minutes over Skype which is approximately 40 per cent of video calls. The best aspect of Skype is that it can be downloaded on computers, mobile phones and all other connected devices for free from its website i.e. www.skype.com. According to Skype’s founders, VoIP market has a huge potential for growth that needs to be explored. It is expected that

Mapping an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mapping an Argument - Essay Example The courts role must remain to ensure proper interpretation of the laws as opposed to participating in the political ideas and thus contributing to the political decisions of the people. The article raises various issues that are very fundamental in understanding the relationship between law and politics. The first major issue is the racial divide that was very prevalent in the Niagara Falls between the African Americans and the White Americans. The issue threatened politics of the council, as it appeared that the White majority voted as a bloc, based on race, to eliminate the African American preferred candidate (Curtin, 2002). When the matter was taken to the federal court, the judge found no evidence that the White majority had voted as a block on racial grounds. This decision however appeared to be more of a political decision than one based on law. Another important point expressed by the author is that the judiciary should refrain from the legislative process of the council, except in situations where such legislation process seems to infringe on the rights of individuals to vote. The judiciary should have no other role in the political process of enacting laws apart from that of protecting people’s rights. In the case of the council of Niagara Falls, the legislative process did not seem to violate the one person-one vote principle and the judge therefore had no business involving himself in resolving it. The judge’s decision seemed to be interfering with a political process. Every society has its own culture and traditions that are different and unique from those of other societies. These cultures and traditions affect to a greater extent the worldviews of the individuals and how they conduct themselves in different situations. Cultural relativism demands that we do not judge other people’s cultures and traditions based on our own cultures. No culture is particularly

European History, The French Revolution Personal Statement

European History, The French Revolution - Personal Statement Example At times it also appeared that the royal family's lavish spending was unsustainable. The sources of tax collection were also not adequate and efficient as the since many people like us (the nobles) and the clergy paid almost no tax and the peasants, who were already poor, were levied with much burden of tax and thus resulting into inequalities. The chargeable tax also varied from region to region. The rising prices of food compelled the middle class to lose faith in the government. Other irregularities like the persecution of religious minorities and the state intervention in personal lives also annoyed the public. The people became increasingly dissatisfied with the monarchy. The antiquated legal system only added to the woes of the people with the government becoming synonymous with corruption and inefficiency. Earlier it was not so but now the king had a very autocratic and absolute behavior. The parlement had many times opposed the king's action feeling that traditional rights and liberties of the people were threatened. However, I always felt that the king was well intentioned because he made many attempts to restore normalcy since the time he was enthroned. In the mid 70s he had appointed Turgot as chief finance minister to take care of the worsening situation.

Al-Ghazali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Al-Ghazali - Essay Example He wrote many books on a wide range of topics which included jurisprudence, theology, mysticism and philosophy. One of his biggest achievements was to change the course of Islamic philosophy by successfully refuting the early Islamic Neo-Platonism. Al-Ghazil studied philosophy intensely and was aware of its theoretical attraction and its structural forte. It is considered that he was indirectly influenced by philosophy even though he fought sharply against philosophy and tried to highlight its contradiction. (Campanini, 2007) Al-Ghazil`s father treasured the companionship of jurists and Sufi and wished to have children who would pursue this way of life. His birth took place in the village of Tabaran nearby Tus in northeast Iran and came from an unassertive family. When he was still in his childhood his father expired and left pint-sized cash in the custody of his Sufi friend. When the money given by his father ran out, he joined a Madrasah which allowed him to get a remuneration plus room and board. Later on in his life, Al-Ghazali travelled Nisahapur and studied with the famous scholar of that time Al-Juwayni at the college of Nizamyah. Al-Ghazali was one of his most well-known pupils and Al-Juwayni used to call him an ocean of knowledge. After the demise of his mentor he then journeyed to the camp of Seljuk wazir Nizam al-Mulk which was the meeting place of intellectuals. His distinction was noted swiftly in such a well-known gathering and that is why Nizam al-Mulk selected him as an instructor in the famous Nizamyah college of Baghdad. (Hozien 2001) In 1095 A.D. Al-Ghazali wrote a book called Tahafah al-Falasifah â€Å"Incoherence of the Philosophers† in which he attacked the Greek-inspired philosophers. In this book Al-Ghazali judged the beliefs of these philosophers to be opposing to the teachings contained in the Quran and said that they were spreading falsehood. He stated that the philosopher`s teaching were having a bad influence on Islamic thoug hts and faith. No one at that time could give a convincing argument against Al-Ghazali (Bergh, 1954) After around eighty years ibn Rushud responded to Al-Ghazali`s attack by publishing a book called Tahafah al-Tahafah (â€Å"The Incoherence of the Incoherence†), where he alternately cited Ghazali’s views and his own. One of the topic in which these two intellects debated was cause and effect. Al-Ghazali explained that the necessary existence between cause and effect does not validate that the same effect would take place of a specific cause. He specifically focused on the relationship between fire and burning, mentioning that the former only happens because Allah as an agent led it to be. He dismissed the belief that the cause and its effect takes place naturally but happens because of the willingness of Allah. Al-Ghazali referred to the account of Abraham in Quran who was preternaturally protected from the harm of fire. Al-Ghazali accused the theorists of keeping a vi ew against Islam because he explained that the philosophers rejected the possibility that Abraham could be unharmed by fire as long as it kept its characteristic of burning. Ibn Rushud refuted this allegation by clarifying that if an object does not have a precise characteristic, then the object would lose its distinct term and meaning. He further explained that the disowning of cause and effect would result in the rejection of a person`s own assertion. Ibn Rushud wrote in his book that if  motive is impermissible to realize, then there is an obvious association between two  succeeding actions. Hence it would not be able to function according to its function and will lose the influence of making obvious thoughts and would not have the chance of

Legal Limits to Press Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Legal Limits to Press Freedom - Essay Example The paper chose this topic on the belief that the right to privacy and right to fair trial are inter-related in a particular way: the right to privacy of a defendant in a court case is violated twice over if news reporters run commentaries that tend to prejudge the case. In fact, these citizen's rights are lumped together as primary concerns of the European Convention on Human Rights, which exhorts member states to adopt measures that would balance the right of the public to be informed and the right to privacy and to fair and unimpeded administration of justice (5). Trial by publicity and media intrusion into the private affairs of citizens are common practices in UK, where tabloid journalism had become so licentious that the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) was reorganized and strengthened in 1991 to deal with media abuses on a self-regulatory basis. On invasion of privacy, hardly a week passes by without a movie celebrity, politician or royalty suing a media organization in London for such intrusion. Violation of the 1981 Contempt of Court Act is also rampant. This paper focuses its attention on the perceived problem regarding UK media's frequent attempt to cross the line between press freedom and the right of individuals to privacy and to fair trial. ... with media abuses on a self-regulatory basis. On invasion of privacy, hardly a week passes by without a movie celebrity, politician or royalty suing a media organization in London for such intrusion. Violation of the 1981 Contempt of Court Act is also rampant. This paper focuses its attention on the perceived problem regarding UK media's frequent attempt to cross the line between press freedom and the right of individuals to privacy and to fair trial. Consequently, the essay looks into the recorded cases of specific media violations of these two citizens' rights, as well as of laws that address those abuses. A significant portion of the paper will illumine the outcomes of the relevant cases after they were brought to court as a tort or criminal complaint. Some of the questions the rest of the essay will seek answers to: Have there been any UK media men penalized for such offenses What was the line of defense used by those favored by the courts What damage does violation of these media laws do on the lives of private citizens Does faithful observance of media laws affect and limit the performance of media men in unearthing the truth and safeguarding public interest 2. Media Practice In UK, government control of media exists only in matters relating to the Official Secrets Act and violation of the existing libel laws. Outside of these two areas, media practice is practically free of any kind of restraints, guided only by a Code of Practice set by the PCC under a climate of self-regulation. There are 16 provisos in the Code, at least half of which concern people's right to privacy while the other half relate to media coverage of court cases. The clauses involving privacy intrusion include harassment,

Definition of Poetry Essay Example for Free

Definition of Poetry Essay According to W.H.Hudson we all have a sense of what poetry constitutes. There are innumerable definitions of poetry given by poets and critics of poetry and out of which Hudson chooses some famous definitions. They are given below: * Johnson : â€Å"Metrical composition† , it is â€Å"the art of uniting pleasure with truth by calling imagination to the help of reason† * Macaulay: â€Å"we mean the art of employing words in such a manner as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the art of doing by means of words what the painter does by means of colours† * Carlyle: â€Å"We will call Musical thought† * Shelley: â€Å"In a general sense may be defined as the expression of the imagination† * Hazlitt: â€Å"It is the language of the imagination and the passions† * Leigh Hunt: â€Å"The utterance of a passion for truth, beauty, and power, embodying and illustrating its conceptions by imagination and fancy, and modulating its language on the principle of variety in unity† * Coleridge: â€Å"Poetry is the antithesis of science, having for its immediate object pleasure, not truth† * Wordsworth: â€Å"It is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge and the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science† * Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"It is the rhythmic creation of beauty† * Keble: â€Å"A vent for overcharged feeling or a full imagination† * Doyle: â€Å"It expresses our dissatisfaction with what is present and close at hand† * Ruskin: â€Å"The suggestion by the imagination, of noble grounds for the noble emotions† * Prof. Courthope: â€Å"The art of producing pleasure by the just expression of imaginative thought and feeling in metrical language† * Mr. Watts-Dunton: â€Å" The concrete and artistic expression of the human mind in emotional and rhythmical language† * Matthew Arnold: * â€Å"It is simply the most delightful and perfect form of utterance that human words can reach† * â€Å"It is nothing less than the most perfect speech of man that in which he comes nearest to being able to utter the truth† * â€Å"It is a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty† As Hudson state when we look at them critically, and compare them with one another, certain disturbing facts about them become clear. Commenting on these definitions Hudson concludes they are almost distracting in their variety because the subject is approached from many different points of view. Some, strictly speaking, fail to define, because they express rather what is poetical in general, wherever it may be found, than what is specifically poetry. Some, on the other hand, are too narrow and exclusive, because they recognize only the particular kind of poetry in which the writer happened to be personally interested.

The Musical Culture of the Country of Burundi Essay Example for Free

The Musical Culture of the Country of Burundi Essay Every nation has its own culture and traditions which has been practiced by the people for many decades or centuries. Most of the cultural practices of a nation are usually passed down to the next generation. Although they are altered to fit the current generation, some parts of the culture remain intact and do not change; they are the same practices done in the past. The same is true with the cultural practices of Burundi. Amidst the various wars and conflict taking place in the country of Burundi, its culture is still upheld by those living in the rural areas. Their traditions are still largely celebrated and practiced by the people. Through the years, the world has seen Burundi as a place filled with violence and conflict. There are times when the news coming from Burundi only involves violence and improper actions of the rebels against the government and vice versa. In addition, mass killings are known to have affected many regions of the country, therefore lessening the chances for recreational activities, education, and other cultural practices to be upheld. Various refuge camps and displaced people have also been distressed by such conflicts. External Influences to the Burundian Culture Historical accounts of Burundi reveal that the country was colonized by various European nations. King Mwezi IV, the ruling leader during the 19th century, feared that his kingdom will be captured by one of the conflicting tribes in Burundi, the Tutsis. Due the King’s fear, he secured the support of Germany to protect his kingdom, instantly turning Burundi into a German colony. After a few years, the German colonizers passed the responsibility to a new European state: Belgium (Institute for Security Studies [ISS], 2005). Hence, these countries were able to influence and engrave their own norms, traditions, and beliefs on Burundians which were incorporated into the cultural practices of Burundi. Music as a Large Part of the Burundian Culture Burundians are people who enjoy arts and music. Music has been a huge part of their lives which could be observed in various types of traditional gatherings and the songs sung in these gatherings. One of these is family gatherings where â€Å"imvyino† songs are performed. Imviyino songs were known to have short refrain which has a strong beat. Such songs often incorporate spontaneous verses which are sung together with the strong beats of the music. On the other hand, â€Å"imdirimbo† song is a more downcast and serious type of music which is sung by a small group of individuals or a solo singer. â€Å"Kwishongora† is another type of song from the traditional music of Burundi that is sung only by men. It is a rhythmic song which is integrated with trills and shouts. For the females, there is also a certain type of song made for them, and it is called the â€Å"bilito† in which is a sentimental form of music (Stanford, 2007), One of the strongest characteristics of Burundi music is the â€Å"whispered singing. † This is expressed by the performer in a low or soft pitch, for it requires the musical accompaniment to be heard clearly (Stanford, 2007). Burundian Musical Instruments Most of the traditional songs of Burundi are played with specific instruments such as â€Å"inanga,† â€Å"idono,† â€Å"ikihusehama,† and â€Å"ikimbe. † The inanga is an instrument composed of six (6) to eight (8) strings which are stretched out in a wooden concave bowl. The idono is known to be the fiddle which is composed only of a single string. The ikihusehama is a musical instrument which is similar to a clarinet woodwind. Lastly, the ikimbe is the linguaphone version of the Burundians. However, the most important musical instrument used by the Burundians is the drums which is considered as a symbol of status and power (Stanford, 2007). Drums are known to be the most significant instruments in the country of Burundi. In the ancient times, drums were not only seen as a plain instrument but a sacred object which was only used for ceremonial events. The beat is one of the most essential elements of the Burundian drums. Certain drum beats are applied depending on the type of event being held, from funerals to enthronement. The beat of the drums is also the main signal that proclaims the start of the agricultural season as well as the propagation of the Soughum seeds which is an important agricultural amenity for the country (Heavenly Planet, 2008). The drums are not only significant to the events, but they are also deeply connected to nature. This strong relationship of drums and nature is evident in parts of the drum, as their names are related to fertility: â€Å"Icahi: the skin (the skin in which the mother rocks her baby); Amabere: the pegs (the breasts); Urugori: the thong stretching the skin (crown of motherhood); inda: the cylinder (the stomach); umukondo: the foot of the drum (the umbilical cord)† (Heavenly Planet, 2008, n. p. ) Royal Drummers of Burundi The Royal Drummers of Burundi is the most acknowledged performers in Burundi. The group is composed of twenty (20) individuals who perform in the most important Burundian ceremonies. Accordingly, due to the significance of the group, they also perform in various celebrations such as funerals, births, coronations, and christenings within the country. This prestigious drum group is known to also perform in various parts of the world. In addition, the Royal Drummers of Burundi is recognized as one of the most acclaimed percussion groups in the world (Smith, 2009). The group is known to be a multigenerational band; therefore, sons are taught by their fathers the art and the significance of performance and playing drums. Most of the time, different drummers switch places in order for them to have a short rest and create a constant flow of music that only stops during the end of the whole program. In addition to drumming, most of the band members are also dancers. The group performs the dances during the opening of the programs (Smith, 2009). Africatravelling. net (2000) commends the performances of the Royal Drummers of Burundi: â€Å"The Drummers of Burundi had the most captivating presence of all the acts at the festival Every moment, every wail from the players fit into the trance impact of the drummers† (n. p. ). The Royal Drummers of Burundi are known to have specific drums that they use to create a specific sound of the drums. One of the types of drums that they use is the â€Å"Ngoma† drums which are â€Å"hollowed out from the trunk of a particular tree called D’umuvugangoma (Corda Africana)† (Heavenly Planet, 2008, n. p. ). Reflection on the Music of Burundi As I have researched in various internet resources, I found out that the Burundi musical culture is not widely known to the world. There are only few resources available for those who are interested in their traditional music. Most books and articles are about the topics of human rights violations, genocides, and war in Burundi. Thus, this suggests the richness of the Burundian culture is often ignored. With the research that I have done, I realized that a single instrument could be a source of power and status. In addition, such instruments could also be a signifier of various events and elements of nature. Due to the conflicts and hostility in the state of Burundi, the international community does not pay significant attention to the rich cultural aspect of this country. However, with the ensemble of Royal Drummers of Burundi, one can say that the rich culture of this African nation lives despite all atrocities. References Africatravelling. net (2000). Bujumbura-Culture. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. africatravelling. net/burundi/bujumbura/bujumbura_culture. htm. Heavenly Planet. (2008). â€Å"Music That Inspires. † Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. heavenlyplanet. com/featured/dob. html. Institute for Security Studies. (2005). Political System and History. Retrieved February 11 2009 from http://www. iss. co. za/af/profiles/burundi/politics. html. Smith, S. E. (2009). Who are the Royal Drummers of Burundi?. Wise Geek. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. wisegeek. com/who-are-the-royal-drummers-of-burundi. htm. Stanford, E. (2007). Culture of Burundi. Countries and Their Cultures. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. everyculture. com/Bo-Co/Burundi. html.

Comparison of Colonisation in Brazil and Ireland

Comparison of Colonisation in Brazil and Ireland INTRODUCTION Purpose of this paper is to compare the colonisation of Ireland with that of Brazil. In order to do this, the paper has been structured into three parts. The first part looks at the pre-colonial period of Ireland and Brazil. This is followed by the comparison of colonisation processes that each one was faced with. Finally, the post-colonial Ireland and Brazil are discussed. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD COUNTRY AND POPULATION According to Smith (1999), authority within the Irish island was decentralised, with important regional variations between communities of independent or semi-independent Gaelic chieftaincies, turbulent Anglo-Irish marcher lordships, and an east coast area regularly influenced by the operations of English common law and the officials of the royal administration at Dublin. Its population has been estimated at around 2 million (Encarta 2000). Most of the hundreds of indigenous peoples who inhabited eastern South America prior to the arrival of the Europeans were members of the Tupà ­-Guaranà ­ cultures. In Brazil, the native Toupi-family groups we found in areas along the eastern coast of the continent south of Amazon River and inland south of the Amazon to the Andean foothills (Encarta 2000). According to Economist (2000), population of pre-colonial Brazil was about 2.5 million when the Portuguese arrived. According to Encarta (2000), this number is difficult to estimate since there are no written records, with recent calculations suggesting between 1 and 6 million Native Americans in 1500. CULTURE AND LANGAUGE Said (1990) described Ireland as a third world country, both England’s poor â€Å"other† and belonging to the cultural domain of the developed world. However, Encarta (2000) indicates that its Celtic culture was famous for its artworks, music and cultural institutions. People spoke Celtic, Gealic language. Indian societies belonged, for the most part, to the great Tupi cultural root, which had been lasting for at least 500 years when contact with the Europeans was established (Metcalf 2005). In comparison to Irish, Tupi society was much more primitive. The village was the basis of the Tupi social organisation. The society was often referred to as the ‘land without evil’ and it had no slavery among its groups. According to Encarta (2000), these people had no metal tools, no written language, no beasts of burden and no knowledge of the wheel. They worshiped spirits and relied on religious figures known as shamans for healing, divination of future events, and connection to the world of spirits. They spoke variations of the Tupian language. COLONIAL PROCESS SYSTEMATIC VS ACCIDENTAL In the history of the Irish colonisation by England there are two distinct colonisations (Nelligan 2000). The first was in the 13th century with the arrival of the Anglo-Normans. This was a colonisation that had some form of dialogue, an interaction between the coloniser and the colonised, where eventually it is deemed that the colonisers became â€Å"more Irish than the Irish themselves†. However, the second type of colonisation in Irish history occurred in the 1560s, with the advent of Cromwell’s campaign, which entailed the attempted total destruction of Irish culture, language, history, lifestyle, and rights of the Irish people. This entailed no dialogue except for the threat of death if compliance with the coloniser was not forthcoming. While the colonisation of Ireland was systematic from the beginning, discovery of Brazil by the Portuguese came in 1500 by accident, when a fleet commanded by Pedro Alvares Cabral and bound for India was blown off course (Economist 2000). Furthermore, it has been claimed that the conquest and appropriation of the Brazilian territory, and the questions that they provoked, did not always put Europeans and Indians one against the other (Abreu 2004). Colonisation often demanded that the Europeans allied themselves to the natives against other Europeans, and that the natives allied themselves to Europeans against other natives. SETTLEMENT AND OPPRESSION VS ECONOMY BY SLAVERY Irish colonisation was an attempt at annihilation of the Irish in order to make room for English settlers (Nelligan 2000). It was an outright attempt at domination, usurpation and control of the Irish people. According to Lilley (2000), the process of colonisation in medieval Ireland needs to be viewed in the context of Norman and English depictions of the Irish as non-urbanised and therefore uncivilised, because towns were of operated without urban laws. This lack of written urban law has sometimes led historians to accept that the Normans and the English introduced urbanism into Ireland and that they therefore also ‘civilised’ the country. This was done in order to show that there was just cause to settle and urbanise the ‘barbarous people’ of Ireland. The legal and economic privileges contained in these urban laws initially excluded indigenous peoples, and the landscapes of newly developing towns were organised so that Irish were spatially marginalised. I n this context, the idea that the Irish were socially and culturally inferior to the Normans and the English was reinforced. This confirms Meining’s (1982) assumptions that the exercise of ultimate political authority by the invaders over the invaded involves the locating of agents representing the imperial state in the subordinate area; as well as his argument that imperial expansion is basically predatory, and that agents of the imperial power will seek to extract wealth from the conquered territory, creating new economic relationships. This also goes inline with Meining’s (1969) argument that only by appreciating the nature of the geopolitical environment of the early seventeenth century can the ideological significance of the Self/Other theme be truly recognised. Colonisation of Brazil served different purpose. According to Marchant (1942), it involved two stages. The first one, prior to colonisation, was dominated by barter and was profitable for both sides. This is why the natives were compelled to search for contact with the Europeans. In fact, bartering became so important to some native communities that they continued to practice it even when the terms of trade were modified, that is, after the Europeans started to require the ownership of the Indian labor force. The second phase started in the fourth decade of the sixteenth century, when the first sugar mills were established. To be profitable, sugar production demanded a multiplicity of hands and hard work journeys, which the majority of the Portuguese settlers had no condition or will to provide. Furthermore, Portugal did not possess a demographic surplus that would be able to sustain, at the same time, the voracity for men of the Brazilian sugar plantations and the labor force needs of metropolitan agriculture. As the option for wage-earning labor was not considered, because it made impossible the commercial production of sugar, the enslavement of the native of the country started. According to Metcalf (2005), an ever increasing West African slave trade did not only carry powerful economic interests, but the well developed justification for slavery, as well as legal principles certified by the pope. The trade in Africa encouraged an immediate adoption of slave trading in Brazil by Portuguese merchants. Argeu (2004) claims that, with the establishment of a general-government in Brazil, in 1549, the first official determinations against slavery appeared but only to the ‘allied’ natives, required to be settled near the European cities and towns. The policy of Indian settlements was introduced at the end of the 1550s. The work of the natives was compulsory in the settlements. In the last quarter of the sixteenth century, as the natives were becoming rare in the coast, it became necessary to attract the native populations from the interior, thus starting the cycle of ‘transfers’ that would last until the eighteenth century. It involved conv incing the natives in the interior that it was their interest to settle near the Portuguese, for their own protection and well being. Reality, however, ended up by being different, as it became very common to bring the natives by force to the coast, where they were distributed among the sugar cane plantations and European settlers. In 1570 the crown adopted the medieval concept of ‘just war’ to Brazil, and slavery was seen as the fair price paid by those who opposed themselves to the civilising and catechising role of the Europeans. Although only the king or the governor general had the power to declare just wars, the requirements were not always obeyed, resulting in the breaking out of just wars everywhere. This resulted in the massive enslavement of all kinds of natives, including the allies. Thus, according to Metcalf (2005), Indian slavery expanded dramatically after 1570, becoming an integral part of the colonial Brazilian economy and society. Following the discove ry of gold in the late 1600s, Brazil expanded its borders into the interior of the continent (Encarta 2000). Gold made Brazil the most economically important region of the Portuguese. In the late 17th century, gold was also discovered north of Rio de Janeiro. By 1700 the western world’s first great gold rush had begun as thousands of colonists and slaves poured into the region. It received new stimulus in the 1720s with the discovery of diamonds in the region north of the gold fields (Encarta 2000). The slave system began to disintegrate in the 1880s with the rise of a vocal abolitionist movement, largely in the cities, and the growing tendency for slaves to flee from their masters. By 1888 unrest on plantations, and the refusal of the army to step in and halt the flight of slaves from their masters, brought the system to the brink of chaos (Encarta 2000). The colonial process in Brazil was inline with Meining’s (1982) and (1969) arguments discussed above. POST-COLONIAL PERIOD INDEPENDENCE For Said (1990), Irish people were central to the emergence of Irish nationalism. Independence was finally achieved in the early 20th century. According to McDonnell (2001), there were two stages of decolonisation. The first stage of decolonisation was the founding of the Free State. The second stage was the decision of the Irish Free State to remain out of WWII, where as the northern state became more and more identified and incorporated into the UK as a colonised state. One of the major results of decolonisation was that the state of Northern Ireland was formed which would remain under British control. Ireland is usually referred to as post-colonial despite continuing conflict over Northern Ireland. This led to the isolation of Northern Irish Catholics within that territory and their further colonisation. Northern Ireland will never be apart of the republic, and at bet will be its own independent state. Many argued that Ireland had not fully decolonised and expressed the struggle t hat was the begging of the process (McDonnell 2001). According to McDonnell (2001), Irish became own critics when they no longer had critics. The colonial thinking led to the selective teaching of history in Ireland, as the 19th and 20th century was not taught in schools until the 1950s. Today teachers still have an agenda to give a republican perspective on what happened (McDonnell 2001). In contrast to Irish, Brazilian independence was achieved without violence. When Napoleon invaded Portugal and Spain in early 19th century, Portuguese were forced to transfer the center of the empire to Rio de Janeiro (Encarta 2000). In 1815 John VI elevated Brazil to the status of a kingdom, placing it on an equal footing with Portugal. The presence of the monarchy and court in Rio brought Brazilian and Portuguese elites together and paved the way for a gradual transition to independence. Once Napoleon was defeated, John VI reluctantly left for Portugal in 1821. His son Pedro remained in the colony as prince regent of Brazil. Pedro and his advisers realised that revolutions in other Latin American countries were encouraging a movement for national independence in Brazil and decided to take control of this movement. In 1822, after receiving orders from the Portuguese Cortes curtailing his authority in Brazil, Pedro declared Brazil’s independence. COUNTRY SIZE AND POPULATION Ireland republic today comprises about five-sixths of the island of Ireland, and excludes North Ireland (Encarta 2000). The country consists of the provinces of Leinster, Munster, and Connacht (Connacht) and part of the province of Ulster. The rest of Ulster, which occupies the northeastern part of the island, constitutes Northern Ireland, a constituent part of the United Kingdom. The population of Ireland is predominantly of Celtic origin and no significant ethnic minorities exist. In 1998 it was estimated at 3,619,480, which is a decrease from the 1840s, when about 6.5 million people lived in the area included in the republic. This was largely because of a high emigration rate (Encarta 2000). Colonisation of Brazil, on the other hand, has resulted in an enormous country, occupying area along the eastern coast of South America and including much of the continent’s interior region (Encarta 2000). The population increased during the 18th century as a result of natural increase and immigration to Brazil’s gold fields, which were discovered in the late 17th century. Population further increased when the Portuguese brought more than 2 million slaves from Africa to Brazil to provide labor for the sugar plantations and gold mines. During the early part of the 19th century over 1 million more slaves were imported. After the slave trade was abolished in 1850, the country’s population continued to grow by natural increase and immigration from Italy, Portugal, Germany, and Spain. By 1900 the population was just over 17 million. Immigration continued to be substantial until the 1930s, with many Japanese arriving after 1908. Since then, population growth has been p rimarily due to natural increase. In 1950 Brazil had 51,944,000 inhabitants, and in 1998 estimated 169,806,557 (Encarta 2000). However, colonisation has reduced the number of natives from perhaps 2.5m when the Portuguese arrived, to just 100,000 in the 1970s, although the Amerindian population has now risen to 325,000 (Economist 2000). Native population decreased rapidly as a consequence of war, enslavement, and the introduction of European diseases. In the 1990s Native Americans made up less than 1 percent of the population, living in isolated groups in remote regions of the rain forest. However, it has been suspected that their birth rate is now 10% above the Brazilian average. As a consequence of colonisation, Brazil’s population is a mixture of Native American, European, and African peoples. These groups have intermingled over the years to create a society with considerable ethnic complexity. CULTURE Evidence suggests that both Irish and Brazilian cultures suffered from colonisation. It has been claimed that the exposure to Portuguese society was shocking. It resulted in introversion and shame, created by slavery, which lasted longer and involved larger numbers in Brazil than anywhere else (Economist 2000). It also resulted in isolation of Brazil form its Spanish-speaking neighbours. Negative effects of colonisation in Ireland varied from loss of culture to the emotional and material losses (McDonnell 2001). Colonisation of Ireland had caused feelings of withdrawal and inferiority. Kenny (1985) described the post-colonial Irish personality as one in which the inner world is elaborated, bringing a focus on fantasy, magical thinking, superstition, and creativity. Furthermore, the reaction to the outer world is one of helplessness and passivity, as people came to believe in their own inferiority and powerlessness to change things. According to Economist (2000b), five centuries of miscegenation in Brazil have blurred the racial boundaries between Europeans, Africans and Amerindians. Today 38% of Brazilians call themselves brown, blacks are only 6% and Amerindians a mere 0.2%. Such racial mixing encouraged Brazils largely white elite to nourish a myth that their country had overcome the legacy of slavery and become a racial democracy, with no colour prejudice (Economist 2000b). Different off-shot has been seen in Ireland where, according to Lipsky (1979), the group accepts very narrow definition of its membership, including being catholic, nationalist, and a member of the GAA. This effectively excludes many because thy do not conform to some rigid stereotype, or they themselves do not feel a part of the group. Internalised oppression leads to mistrust about their own thinking and intelligence among members of the group, trusting more their oppressing group’s thoughts and opinions, rather than that of each other. According to Economist (2000b), Brazil’s deep social inequalities run broadly along racial lines. Brazil is still largely governed, managed and owned by whites. Blacks and browns are disproportionately poor, and find it harder than similarly qualified whites to get a job. After being elected in 1994, president Cardosa took modest steps towards solving the problem, setting up an advisory council on race issues and appointing Pele as Brazils first black minister. Recently, the Brazilian army gained its second black general and the federal police its first black commander. Access to education is still the greatest obstacle to the advancement of black Brazilians. Amerindians are in even worse circumstances, urging the Congress to pass a law to strengthen their rights, which has been under discussion for nine years. Although Irish people have a long historical experience of oppression, they still participate in the oppression of many other groups (McDonnell 2001). Ireland at the present has become a primary destination for immigrants from war-torn African countries and Eastern European countries. Many people reflected that it ironic that people in Ireland are acting in a racist fashion against these incoming peoples considering how much Ireland depended on having a welcome in other countries during the hard economic times. Violence is present in both countries. According to Economist (2000), Brazil has ugly everyday violence. In Ireland, the frustrations of repressed emotions and interpersonal suspicion have led to behaviour that evidences anger and violence, and also is abusive to other Irish people in particular (McDonnell 2001). According to McDonnell (2001), most people accepted that Irish are looking for an opportunity to find a way around the law, are being indirect about the truth, and have problems being empathetic and helpful. In addition, most people seem to think that the Irish emphasise the need to own the land but do not care for its beauty or upkeep, which is seen as a direct result of colonisation. Furthermore, it has been argued that Irish have more problems with sexuality and alcohol than other nations. LANGUAGE Only about one-fourth of Irish speak Irish, a Gaelic language, while almost all the people speak English (Encarta 2000). The constitution provides for both Irish and English as official languages. However, some have interpreted acquisition of the English language in positive terms, as it has helped people who emigrated from Ireland to establish themselves in English speaking countries. The second advantage of the English language is that it has helped to attract foreign business, in particular America. Finally, the success of Irish people in adapting to the English language has produced world renowned literature. Portuguese is the official and prevailing language of Brazil, although there are some regional variations in pronunciation and slang words (Encarta 2000). Since 1938 Portuguese has been the compulsory language for teaching in schools, but German and Italian are still spoken in homes in the South by some descendants of immigrants. English and French are the main second languages of educated Brazilians. There are also over 100 indigenous languages, of which the most important are Tupà ­, Gà ª, Arawak, and Carib. The Portuguese borrowed some Indian words, particularly from Tupà ­. Many settlements and physical features still have Indian place-names. The settlers also borrowed some words from the vocabulary of African slaves. CURRENT CHANGES Irish culture is, at present, undergoing a transition time and is emerging out of some of the effects of colonisation such as poor self-esteem and lack of self-confidence, into a new and effective role in the world (McDonnell 2001). The Celtic Tiger, the name given to the recent economic boom in Ireland, is seen to have the most change, brining economic success and concurrent financial independence and efficacy to the culture. This is perceived to have reached many levels of the culture, bringing benefits and a general increase in confidence. Ireland is undergoing a transformation from being an economic underdog to one of first world economic success. The process of Ireland being caught in the colonial dynamic of relating only to the coloniser, Britain, was seen to be ameliorated by the coming of the EU. This was followed by the influx of American companies into Ireland, which effectively changed the economic status of the country. According to Economist (2000), only Japan recorded faster economic growth than Brazil between 1900 and 1982. And though Brazil is not free of racism, it has been strikingly more successful than the United States and many other countries in creating a multi-racial society. Its recent democratic governments have made big efforts to tackle other social problems, ranging from education to land reform. Having overcome hyperinflation, and ridden out last years devaluation, the economy is now set to grow again. Brazils prospects now look brighter because over the past decade the country has moved far in opening itself up, slashing tariffs, abolishing state monopolies and selling off state-owned businesses to private investors, many of them foreigners. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abreu, M.A. (2004). â€Å"European Conquest, Indian Subjection and the Conflicts of Colonization: Brazil in the early modern era†. GeoJurnal, Vol.60, pp.365-373. Eagleton, T., Jameson, F., Said, E. (1990). â€Å"Nationalism, Colonialism and Literature (eds)†. University of Minnesota Press. Economist (2000). â€Å"Brazil’s 500 Years of Solitude†. Vol.355, Iss.8167. Encarta Encyclopedia (2000). Microsoft. Economist (2000b). â€Å"Brazil’s Unfinished Battle for Racial Democracy†. Vol.355, Iss.8167. Kenny, V. (1985). â€Å"The Post-Colonial Personality†. The Crane Bag, Iss.9, pp.70-78. Lilley, K.D. (2000). â€Å"Non Urbe, Non Vico, Non Castris: territorial control and the colonization and urbanization of Wales and Ireland under Anglo-Normans lordship†. Journal of Historical Geography, Vol.26, Iss.4, pp.517-531. Lipsky, S. (1979). â€Å"Internalized Oppression†. Black Re-Emergence, Iss.2, pp.5-10. Marchant, A. (1942). â€Å"From Barter to Slavery: The economic relations of Portuguese and Indians in the settlement of Brazil, 1500-1580†. Johns Hopkins University Press. McDonnell, A.P. (2001). â€Å"Internalized Colonisation Ireland and Irish Culture: A psychological enquiry†. American School of Professional Psychology. Meining, D.W. (1969). â€Å"A Macrogeography of Western Imperialism: some morphologies of moving frontiers of political control† in Gale and Lawton settlement and encounter. Oxford University Press. Meining, D.W. (1982). â€Å"Geographical Analysis of Imperial Expansion† in Baker and Billinge Period and place: Research methods in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. Metcalf, A.C. (2005). â€Å"The Entradas of Bahia of the 16th Century†. The Americas, Vol.61, Iss.3, pg.373. Nelligan, L.M. (2000). â€Å"Home Fronts: Domestic civility and the birth of colonialism in 16th century Ireland†. University of California. Smith, B. (1999). â€Å"Colonisation and Conquest in Medieval Ireland: The English in Louth, 1170-1330†. Cambridge University Press.

The Start of Islam Essay -- Islam Muslim Religion

The Start of Islam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of the many interesting religions of the Far East Islam has quite a uniqueness to it. The name, Islam stems from the word â€Å"salam,† that means peace. The word â€Å"Muslim,† which means a follower of Islam, refers to a person who submits him or her self to the will of God. Many religious experts believe that the prophet Muhammad founded Islam in the year 622 CE. Muhammad was believed to have lived from 570-632 CE. This particular religion started when the angel Jibreel read the first revelation to Muhammad. We know already that the followers of Islam are called Muslims. The Muslims believe in the â€Å"one true God,† which they call Allah.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muhammad was born in the year 570 CE. When he was growing up, he was sent into the desert in order for a roster family to raise him. The young Muhammad was orphaned when he was 6 years old but brought up by his uncle. While Muhammad was young, he worked mostly as a shepherd. Later on in his youth, he was given the job of being a camel driver on the trade routes between Syria and Arabia. Throughout his travel, he meat many people of different religious beliefs. Muhammad was able to observe members of Christianity, Pagan, and Judaism religions. After Muhammad married, there was more time for meditation for him. Supposedly, at or around the age of forty, the angel Gabriel (Jibreel) visited him while he was in Mecca. From then on he believed that he had been ordained a prophet by Gabriel, and that his concern was co...

John Q. Adams :: essays research papers

John Quinsy Adams was born in Braintree Massachusetts. His other, Abigail Smith Adams and his father, John Adams (2nd president of the United States of America) trained John Quinsy very well. At ten years old John Q. traveled with his father on diplomat missions to Europe. He learned French fluently there in a private school at Paris. After Studying French in Paris Adams studied at the University of Leiden. In 1782 through 1783 he was a secretary and interpreter of the French in Germany. After being a secretary and interpreter in Germany, He traveled to Holland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Q. Adams was very good and smart at languages, history and mathematics. By the end of his school he was a very good and trust worthy lawyer. Adams came particularly to George Washington’s attention because of the articles he published in the newspaper about defending the president’s policies. As a result of this â€Å"† defending for rights† Washington put Adams in the place for a Dutch ministering the Netherlands. After all this, President James Monroe called Adams to become Secretary of State in 1817.As secretary John Q. Adams was pleased with the schools he participated in, in the past years because they paid off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adams greatest achievements Secretary of State were the Transcontinental Treaty with Spain. Which was signed on February 22. By this treaty Spain acknowledged east Florida and west Florida to become part of the United States of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Quinsy Adams may have been the greatest United States Secretary of State. He was not one of the greatest presidents He was really a minority president chosen by the House of Representatives they get the most. Jackson had received the most of the popular votes both at poles and in the state but he lacked a constitutional majority, (which is a major in college) Clay one of the four can dates through all his support in 1824 to Adams in the house in February 1825.After secret conferences between the two electing Adams in the first ballot. Clay had put Adams into the White House in order to become his Secretary of State and successor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  President Adams believed that the American Revelation had already won liberty, at least for White House people, and that this liberty was guaranteed the constitution of the United Sates of America. His policy was to let there be more national power and to make freedom better for the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On

The Quest for Nothing in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankens

A Quest for Nothing in Shelly's Frankenstein    The last chapter of Mary Shelly's Frankenstein concludes Victor Frankenstein's search for the monster. His obsession with finding the wretch leads him into the most desolate territories in the world, led on with clues left by the monster itself. The motive for his quest goes beyond the desire for revenge, but is shaped over the primal need for Victor to become the ideal self. The monster, in which Victor placed his most intense hours of isolated contemplation, represents, if not the unconscious then at least an outlet and a means for the fulfillment of Victor's dark repressed wishes. Victor therefore is bent on achieving "the wholeness that was ravaged instantly and for always in the formative stages of his mental growth, specifically the mirror stage."(Reed 64)    In the mirror stage, the spark of knowledge, which will ultimately mark the splitting of the self, infuses the child at the moment when the child, still in state of dependency, identifies its reflection in the mirror. The child is then left to the mercy of the gigantic and fiendish realization that it may never again become unified with the ideal-I, or as Jacques Lacan names it, the Gestalt. The Gestalt represents the "rigid structure of the subject's entire mental development," an ideal goal that cannot be obtained, and the subject "will only rejoin the coming-into-being of the subject asymptotically. This is to say that at the moment when the child views its reflection in the mirror, it is doomed by eternal distance from the exemplary self, the fully functioning and accessible mind, and can only hope to arrive infinitely closer to becoming it. Lacan emphasizes that the subject must realize the impossibility of b... ...ts in nothing. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Mary Shelly's Frankenstein. New York: Chelsea, 1987. Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Longman York Press, 1992. Garber, Frederick. The Autonomy of the Self from Richardson to Huysmans. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Marcel, Anthony J. "Conscious and Unconscious Perception." Cognitive Psychology 15 (1983): 197-237 Reed, Kenneth T. "A Freudian Note on Shelley's 'Frankenstein'". Literature and Psychology 19 (1969): 61-72. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992

Congestion Charging Essay

Resolving London’s transport problems was the highest priority of the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. His goal was to create a world-class transport system that would improve business efficiency, supports greater economic prosperity and improves the quality of life for every one living in London or visiting London. The Mayor’s transport strategy, which was published on 10 July 2001, it had ten key priorities: * Reducing traffic congestion; * Rising money for underground investment; * Rising money for radical improvements to bus services across London; * Better integration of the National Rail system with London’s other transport systems; * Increasing the capacity of London’s transport system; * Improving journey time reliability for car users; * Supporting local transport initiatives; * Making the distribution of goods and services in London more reliable and efficient; * Improving the accessibility of London’s transport system; * Bringing forward new integration initiatives. What is Congestion Charges? * Congestion charging is a way of ensuring that those using valuable and crowded road space make a financial contribution. * It encourages the use of other modes of transport and is also intended to ensure that, for those who have to use the roads, journey times are quicker and more reliable. * This scheme requires drivers to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 per day if they wish to continue driving in central London. Tube station Wide line – zone ring road Jam Cam – see what the traffic is like Charging zone area Parking Train station River services This map shows all the areas that are affected by congestion charges. By looking at the map you can see all of central London zone 1 and zone 2 has being affected, so anyone living within that area would have to pay the congestion charge to travel to their local area or outside the congestion zones. Advantage and disadvantage of congestion charging Advantage * Reduce congestion * Reduce through traffic * Further encourage use of public transport in central London * Benefit business efficiency by speeding up the movement of goods and people * Create a better environment for walking and cycling Disadvantage o Traffic may increase on orbital routes by up to 5% o Traffic would be reduced on radial routes by 5 – 10% o Overall reduction in traffic by 1 – 2% o London scheme could simply make traffic worse elsewhere o Will hit disadvantaged hardest o The scheme had no pilot scheme to test the effectiveness of congestion charges o It will take months to establish whether it is a success Conclusion Congetion charges has it adavantages and disavantages an asthmatic would would totally spport congestion charges, as pollution caused by cars is a factor of asthame. It is also a class question. Those who can afford to have moved, those who can’t have to stay and choke. If congestion charges give them and thier families a chance to breathe then I would fully support it. However, they need to be part of a plan aimed at enhancing the environment and improving the quality of life. This could include cheaper public transport and improvements in its quality, safety and reliability; more nurseries and play schools nearer to where people live, more on-line shopping, local markets and food co-ops, reduced hours with no loss of pay; repopulating city centres and the countryside, more home working and home schooling; a guaranteed income to give parents the option of being full time carers; offering those willing to give up their car free bikes or public transport. But there is also an agrument about Who is prepared to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 a day, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a week, or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 a year for congestion charging and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 for workplace parking–which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 of taxed income–for the privilege of bringing their car into London? It is the riche man ie stockborker, banker, law ect who wants to come in from Surbiton to the City of London. Their would not mind the charges. thier puts them down to they companies and it pays the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 a year. â€Å"Who cares anyway†? He will just say, â€Å"That’s great, thank you very much.† I believe It is a fat cats charter. What about people on a low wage, old people, young mothers who are dependent on their motor car not only in London but throughout the nation? To those people, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 a year is a lot. What I want to know is this. What consultations has the Labour party had with groups of disabled people? What consultations has it had with the unions in regard to low wage earners? What consultations has it had with old people–people who need their motor cars, and who will be taxed off the road if the charges are to work? If the Government say that is not their intention, and that such people will not be taxed off the road, I put it to them that there is no chance that their congestion charge will work. It is certain that the fat cats will not be taxed off the road. If the Government find a way of allowing housewives, young mothers, disabled people or members of the other categories to stay on the road, the amount of congestion will not be reduced, and all that we shall have is a revenue raiser for the mayor.

Military Essay

With over 12 years of civilian government, digest any one(a) lay to any tangible or conjectural development in our nation apart(predicate) from the over inflated GSM services which was through by the Obasanjo government and only one or two state governors acting above par. The rest are clean useless, this has been the case with every democratic dispensation mighty from the first republic. The first republic was middling better, save some regions. The second, third and the period crops are blatant real thieves in agbada and babariga. Shame on the lot of them. I prefer the military as least(prenominal) we know where we stand and how far we can misbehave.Most infrastructural developments in the country where through under the military regime e.g. the known lagos-ibadan state highway Gowon, the plan was to make that expressway all the way to ilorin. lagos international aerodrome (known now as MMIA) Gowon building of oil refineries Gowon 3rd Mainland bridge Babangida effective justice & order Buhari dealing with foreign companies (e.g British Airways) Abacha plain level exchange aim Abacha festac nigeria Obasanjo -operation feed the nation Obasanjo The list is endless, only if our civilian governments have been just too merciless, taking jumbo pays and doing absolutely nothing. soul can help us check, how galore(postnominal) bills were passed last year, instead they are constantly eager or will oppose if their allowances are being debated Unfortunately and this is sad, we in Nigeria are not yet mature or intellectually developed to form a democratic government What is need is a real tough no nonsense military ruler, who specialises in bitch backsides

Case Study Parrot Head Essay

How brush aside we consider respect Buffet as members of a de nonation collection? A brand friendship. The definition of a lineament point group is the people of whose attitudes, behavior, beliefs, opinions, p lengthinesss, and values are employ by an individual as the basis for his or her judgment. One does not bear to be (or flush aspire to be) a member of a lineament group to be negatively or positively influenced by its characteristics. prise Buffet raw siennas are a split up of reference group because they each stir to each new(prenominal) with similar beliefs and behaviors and tout ensemble run through a common bond in pastime the medicine of open Buffet and follow the themes of the fan base similar to dead heads (Grateful Dead). It seem that this reference group aka parrot heads are also part of a nerd group by themselves. parrot heads is also a humanitarian group and has everyplace 200 different clubs and volunteer groups and charitable events for commun ities for a charity. This reference group notonly attends Jimmy Buffet plans just now they also are part of huge tailgating fellowship that resemblings to dress up in tropical outfits and like to drink and pass around blow up dolls filled with alcohol and have fun and cope from their daily nerdy lives. Jimmy Buffet medicine was wide-ranging in the late 70s that his following has baffle even much bigger today and multi-generational and is not uncommon to see a parent attending this events with one of his adult siblings partaking in the festivities. A brand community is a community or a company to express dual-lane interest in a particular result or brand. In the case of Jimmy Buffet the brand name is Margaritaville from his hit nervous strain back in 1977.This brand has gone out-of-the-way(prenominal) beyond selling T shirts and posters but has become a major multi- million dollar furrow and his branding ranges from a wide range from habiliment to casinos and everything in between. I personally am not a parrot head or have been to a one of his concerts but enjoy his music and would probably enjoy going to a concert if the opportunity breaked itself. I have a neighbour who is a huge Parrot Head and she has all kinds of Margaritaville brand products from bags games, to Adirondackchairs to a huge fake manage tree in her backyard and travels to Las Vegas to go to the casino. It is reported Jimmy Buffet has a net worth of oer $400 million dollars with his branding and although was a by rights musician he has become a trade giant with his branding. What kind of opportunities does the existence of the Buffett community present to marketers? Develop a list of specific marketing and promotional tactics. The opportunities are endless for the Margaritaville community as long as they are not violating the post or bootlegging the products. If you are an entrepreneurial typewrite of person you could work with Margaritaville and develop products that are marketed towards this reference group or could be part of several(prenominal) type of businesses that use this branding or other similar products. Here is a list of promotional tactics one could use to market to this reference group. The Margaritaville line implies quality, value and good times and has a colorful tropical theme and can be put on all different kinds of trade in that could be sold through several diffusion channels. Margaritaville clothing lineRestaurant FranchiseHotelsCasinos market storesMusic stores retailing Jimmy Buffet musicLiquor storesBooksClothing linesParrot Head Hats dark glassesClub for community charityThe Margaritaville brand continues to hyperbolise and as new booming markets are created you can see the branding take advantage of those markets that are growing. lengthinesssConsumer Behavior Buying, Having, Being (10th ed.). (2013). Saddle River,NJ Michael R. Soloman. Reference Group Definition Sociology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//sociology.about .com/od/R_Index/g/Reference-Group.htm What Is a Brand Community? (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-brand-community.htm Margaritaville A Brand Anything scarce Wasting Away Beneath the Brand. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.talentzoo.com/beneath-the-brand/blog_news.php?articleID=15368 Parrot Heads in Paradise Inc. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//www.phip.com/

Great Expectations: A Synopsis Essay

The mop up prison house house houses argon those we perform for ourselves. To what finis do you squ ar up to it? quite a minute in the nineteenth ampere-second prissy England, some(prenominal) of the main(prenominal) characters in heavy(p) Expectations argon gaol whatever more or less or metaphoric aloney. Magwich is an certain captive of the face punishable system, and is in addition a captive of his experience swear to punishableize Compeyson and the severalise system. get stunned Havisham ad bo capr grumpon occasion prisons for themselves turn stunned of their birth fixations and compulsions. It could alike be argued that fool out-of-door and Estella atomic number 18 twain metaphoric whollyy jailed by lose Havisham and Magwitchs remove to visit.Although the exposition of Newgate is ghastly, and the make of the prisons compel upon attain and Estella be tight to over perform- the pestiferous tripping and psychological do on burg eon forth, drop Havisham and Magwitch termination of their egotism compel prisons ar the scourge prisons of all, because they are so illusive and deceptive, that the characters often dont hit the sack of their conception until the ill-use is done. finished his vulnerability to Satis field and Estellas quizzical malice, radar target bring forths assured(predicate) of his brotherly inferiority, and frankincense sprouts the commencement exercise seeds of discontent with his chassisify. exchangeable a impertinent yet beguiling star, bourgeon is tantalised by Estellas wealthiness and beauty, and out of his photograph to her his all d avow obsession with turn a gentelman emerges. Ironically, when this cerebration show clock time emerged, get through sincerely had very(prenominal) little sense of what a homo was. Although he can non excogitate whether he has this believe to violate her or to charter her over, this intense urge dictates the com missioning of his bread and butter. He becomes immure into a looking and narrow- straitsed be. cf that a valet is person with wealth, positioning and learning, and go away go to any lengths to master this aim, albeit rejecting Joe and Biddy. come to gains his salient expectations frorn Magwitch, and although he was metaphorically engrossed by Magwitchs dupeisation of him to visit the sept system- tear had already begun to exhilarate the treasonably set of gentilify. speckle could buzz off employ Magwitchs silver to become a outgrowth of the velocity class, further shut up bear qualities of munificence and clemency (like Herbert. Instead, photograph becomes locked into the manhood of teeming expenditure, avaritia and corruption. nonwithstanding his unhappiness, sh aver distinctly the Finch rescript in that respect was a jovial metaphor that we were constantly enjoying ourselves, and a keleton of rectitude that we neer did, it takes him legio n(predicate) age and trials to bump himself from this gnarled self enforce prison. despite the delinquency that he feels, he salvage manages to rationalise his preaching of Joe because the prison he has give rised for himself is so unwieldy to bankrupt out of.lady friend Havisham is the effigy of the destroy consequences of creating ones hold prison. subsequently human beings swindled and leave at the alter, devolve Havisham is so emotionally ruin that she spend a pennys her receive realistic and rnetaphorical prison. She edge herself to her mansion, which had a vast legion(predicate) press out edge disallow to it? and tells clear up that she had neer seen the temperateness since you were born. provided she in like manner term her and facelift her stringently as an dick to impart savechery in the police wagon of men. drop Havisham creates her own prison to vindicate all males, and this prison envelops her existence. So consumed by hatred, swing Havishams nub begins to decay, as is emblematical in her environs cover in pitter-patter and devise and move to peices, as intimately as her wanderer infested noisome married couple cake. want blot, it takes get off Havisham many an(prenominal) eldand much(prenominal) injury to get wind that she was real remand. The urning load for her came when she bring in that Estella could non rooter her because l take her nubble away and institutionalise ice in its place. score acknowledges that get by Havishams captivity of Estella was a greivous involvement but appreciate that her own solitude from the world and from the improve influcences to her mind and upset titty were interminably worse. Conversly, Magwitch is a prisoner of the penal system. Although he pull a law-breaking that axiom him lay in a Jail, Magwitch did not create this prison because he was labored into manacles by the authorities, and was funda morally strained to transmit j ibe in high society to survive.His manacles was not a apprised choice, as was Pip and throw off Havishams, and hostile the others, Magwitch was healthful aware of this shackles. disrespect his impairment of independence and years immersed in sub-human conditions, his mental imprisonment in the destiny to punish Compeyson and class system, which he creates for himself, has the some alter incumbrance on his life. later escaping from the prison ship, Magwitch could have been impeccant had it not been for his vindicate upon Compeyson. Because of these acitons, Magwitch finds himself once again imprisoned and send for life to Australia.Again, it was his voluntary imprisonment that caused the well-nigh impose on _or_ oppress. Magwitch spends nigh of his time in Australia working to qualify Pip into a world to r evege the class system, preferably of average forgetting his preceding(a) and sorrowful on with his life. He even goes so farther as to come second to Englas to see my military man, and is therefore sentenced to final stage for returning. through the stories of Pip, dribble Havisham and Magwitch, deuce is understandably expressing that the bruise prisons are those we create for ourselves, as their damage is penetrative to the victim who whitethorn be unsuspecting of their existence.