Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal - 1241 Words

There has been an ongoing battle whether or not euthanasia or physician assisted suicide should be legal. Whether or not is ethical for a physician to assist in a person s death. Euthanasia or assisted suicide is causing the death of a person who is disease, suffering from a condition that is not curable. To end their suffering the individuals end their lives, but are important to keep in consideration that in order for the individual to make such a big decision they must be in the right state of mind. One of the greatest moral issues that we are facing is the principle of freedom. Whether or not individuals should have the right or not to choose what they are going to do with their live. Keeping in consideration that freedom was on what†¦show more content†¦It gets harder to convince joint movement and the person usually dies because their bodies shut down. The case of Janet Adkins went viral in 1990 when she decided to end her life at the age of fifty four. Due to the fact, that she did not wanted to continue living with Alzheimer’s. Adkins was a teacher at a community college and musician, a wife and a mother of three sons who complete support her decision. According to Jason Renaud the author of â€Å"Janet Adkins, Jack Kevorkian and the end of an era,† Adkins left annotated stating â€Å"I have decided for the following reasons to take my own life. This is a decision taken in a normal state of mind and is fully considered. I have Alzheimer s disease and do not want to let it progress any further. I don t choose to put my family or myself through the agony of this terrible disease. Janet contact a retired pathologist by the name of Jack Kevorkian to help her die with lethal injection machine that Doctor Kevorkian created. In the states that euthanasia is legal she wouldn’t had been able to take her life away, th is it due to her condition not been terminal. Adkins still brought a big topic into the spotlight causing individual attention in the subject. According to Death with Dignity the author of â€Å"FAQs† not every terminal ill adult can end their life. In order for theShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1611 Words   |  7 Pagesthe topic of euthanasia or assisted suicide is spoke about usually it is only whispered, people don’t like to speak about death but are very out spoken when it comes to enjoying your life and being free. There are many reasons why people in society believe that it is morally wrong but who are we to tell a person that is suffering and can take it no more they aren’t allowed to end their own life even though that’s what that person wants? Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide should be made legal in the UnitedRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal Essay1755 Words   |  8 Pagesthat, â€Å"According to research, some 66% of U.S. adults believe that a doctor or nurse should allow a patient to die in certain circumstances† (25 Surprising Physician Assisted Suicide Statistics, 2014). Physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia should not just be a matter of law but as well as free will. In this essay, I am using a virtue approach to contend that euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide should be legal. Is it moral to allow people to end their lives suffering? It helps people, savesRead MoreShould Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal1818 Words   |  8 Pages  Should Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide be Legal?         One day while interning at the Animal Clinic of Bay Ridge I witnessed something so cruel. This middle-aged shiatsu was dropped off at the animal clinic. Mind you, the owners didn’t even bother to come in the room with the dog. As I played with the dog until he would be â€Å"putdown† I wondered why in the world someone would put such a lovely dog down is unimaginable. Despite being sorry for the dog I feel euthanizing both animals and humanRead MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pages The Oxford English Dictionary states that euthanasia is a gentle and easy death (Oxford English Dictionary). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, active euthanasia is the ending of a terminally ill person s life by direct intervention, such as administering a lethal dose of painkilling drug (Oxford English Dictionary). While passive euthanasia according to the Oxford English Dictionary is the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment in the knowledge that the personRead MoreShould Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?825 Words   |  4 PagesLeonard Should Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide be Legalized? Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide should become legal in the United States and all US territories. Though Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide are not the same and are separate acts, they both serve the same purpose, which is to follow the desire of a person with terminal illness to end their life without legal consequences. This same right should extend to family members and guardians of people unable to act for themselves. The current legal situationRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide is NOT Ethical Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesIs physician assisted suicide morally right? This has been a controversial subject for some time now. People are wondering whether or not it is the most humane thing to do. If dogs can be putdown, why not people? The reason is in that question. They are people. Every life is important, no matter how long it may be. Instead of finding a way to get rid of people faster, the government could put those efforts in something more positive. If other people are conside ring whether or not the patients’ lifeRead MoreEthical and Legal Debates on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding the debatable subject of euthanasia and assisted suicide, have been questioned frequently by society. Though the question may never be answered between euthanasia and assisted suicide being right or wrong, the fact of the matter is that people are still choosing their fate. In America, euthanasia refers to a person knowingly, and purposely taking another persons life, or in a more factual meaning killing someone who in fact couldn’t kill himself. Euthanasia also known as â€Å"mercy killing† isRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide983 Words   |  4 Pageshave different perspectives and views on Euthanasia or Physician-assisted suicide and how they should or should not be legal. In some cases people feel as if the patient who are suffering from a terminal painful disease should have the right to commit suicide in other cases people feel as if the patient is being selfish to end their life when you have loved ones that are going to suffer because they killed themselves. People feel it should or should not be legal because of right to die, living willsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Is Not Considered Admissible949 Words   |  4 PagesPhysician assisted suicide- the voluntary termination of one’s own life by administ ration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician, and euthanasia, the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable, painful disease are both highly emotional and contentious subjects. Some argue physician assisted suicide (P.A.S.) is admissible for someone who is dying and trying to painlessly break free from the intolerable suffering at the end of their life, and someRead MoreIs Euthanasia A Lethal Injection?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesto death, veterinarians will inform the owner on options of euthanasia or â€Å"putting the pet to sleep.† While the owner officially has to make the decision of putting the pet out of it’s pain or misery with a lethal injection. In the case of humans, rather than animals, whether or not a lethal injection should be given is a highly argued ethical and economical matter. In this paper, peoples’ cultures and how they affect the view of euthanasia, will be discussed along with the cost of medical procedures

Military Leadership Free Essays

The American Revolution comprised mainly of land based forces in the form of army battalions. Because of the early creations of ammunition, the armies are the only available units in the war. Since this conflict primarily involved the intention of independence, it was a very brute event for the commanders of both sides. We will write a custom essay sample on Military Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Christian men are the most proliferated individuals in this war. Interestingly, the American Revolution had a great influence on liberal thought throughout Europe (American Revolution, 2006). On the other hand, the American civil war was a major war between the forces of the same constituents of a nation. However, because of the relative differences in ideology, the war became inevitable and eventually came into reality. The military people in the American civil war may be perceived to have a balanced approach towards victory. Because of the relative smaller scope, the commanding forces of the army may have been somehow reluctant to fight their own citizen domains. They were very prone to social trauma considering that they live in the same national domain with just a little misunderstanding of idealism approaches. It would have been very hard for the army to fight for both sides since they belong to a single line of citizenship. The most explicit factor in the procedure of this war was the collaboration of slaves and the fighting units until the end of the event. Emancipated slaves fought in several key battles in the last two years of the war (wikipedia, 2007). The military personnel still has the concentration of American males with religious affiliations of Christian origin. This made the war very traumatic for both parties. On the event of the Indian wars, the army still had the opportunity to disclose its might. Although naval and air forces are not very significant during this period war, the relative intensity on the part of the army still focused on the aproach to dislodge what native americans were fighting for. The concentration of Native American and English lineages was the main component of the war. Men were still the most active participants in the war while some females of both social parties were engaged in post war operations. The relative differences in racial characteristics of both sides was the aggravating factor that lead to various levels of fight setbacks. The armies of both sides were willing to win against each other. As with the whole population of the American army, most Americans viewed the Indians as incorrigible and non-reformable savages. Those closest to the warring factions or who were threaten by it, naturally wanted government protection at any cost (Davis, 1999). For World War I, the overall capacity of the army, the navy and the availability of the air force, has dramatically changed the way war is staged. For the army, it was during this time that the physical participation of units is reduced because of advanced weapons and guns. For the navy, a greater scope of challenges was encountered due the international scope of the war. The naval forces played a great role in weakening the offenses of the enemy before letting the army proceed with the fight. On the other hand, the air force became a significant penetration unit to dislocate the stable forces of the enemy nation by targeting its internal strengths. Men are still the main forces in these three force units. However, women participation was very visible in the form of service units. Health care and rehabilitation are the main tasks for women involved in World War I. The religious affiliations were significant factors in this war because of the global scope of the conflict. References: American Revolution. 2006. Complete History-Aftermath. American Revolution. Retrieved May 21, 2007 from http://www.americanrevolution.com/. Davis, S. 1999. Buffalo Soldiers and Indian Wars. Buffalosoldiers. Retrieved May 21, 2007 from http://www.buffalosoldier.net/. Wikipedia. 2007. American Civi War. Retrieved May 21, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War#Military_factors. Â   How to cite Military Leadership, Essay examples

Corporate Finance for Managers

Questions: Question 1: Concept of Time Value of MoneyBy using the concept of time value of money, please use a few sentences plus numerical example to show your understanding in the following questions:a. Why is it better to receive $1 today than at some point in the future?b. During the global financial crisis, interest rate in Australia fell to low levels, but some relatively safe investments such as bank deposits were just barely above zero in United States. If the interest rate is actually zero, what is the relationship between the present value and the future value of money? c. What is the importance to an individual and corporate manager of understanding time value of money concepts? Under what circumstance would the time value of money be irrelevant from the perspective of corporate view? Question 2: Present Value and Future ValueAs a winning team of Dragon Boat Race Competition in WA, your team was given to choose one of the following prizes:a. $100,000 now.b. $180,000 at the end of five years.c. $11,400 a year forever.d. $19,000 for each of 10 years.e. $6,500 next year and increasing thereafter by 5 per cent a year forever.Your team was dazzled by these options, and the other team members turned to you for your help as you are studying finance courses in a university. If the interest rate is 12 per cent, how are you going to help your team to make the choice? (Please state detailed calculations, reasons, and the logic leading to your choice).Question 3: Present Value, Future Value, and Inflation RateThe following table shows national income per capital in 2013 in a sample of OECD countries and recent rates of inflation: Income per capital Annual inflation (US$) (%/year) Australia 65,520 2.7 France 42,250 0.69 Germany 46,100 1.43 Greece 22,530 -1.71 Japan 46,140 1.61 Switzerland 86,600 0.07 Turkey 10,950 7.4 UK 39,140 1.2 USA 53,670 1.5 If recent inflation rates persist in the future, what nominal income will be needed in each country in 2020 just to keep pace with inflation?Question 4: Effective Interest Rate You and your partner want to buy a house.City Bank will give you a $200,000 loan for 20 years. They will charge you 5% concessional interest for the first year, after which the loan reverts to their normal variable rate, which is currently 8.75%. They will also charge you a $600 application fee, plus when you make your loan enquiry you can have as much coffee as you can drink.The Republic Bank will also give you a $200,000 loan for 20 years, but their concessional interest rate for the first year is 6.75%, after which the loan reverts to their normal variable rate, which is also 8.75%. However, there is no fee and no coffee.Both banks compound interest daily and you will make your loan payments fortnightly. Assume there are 26 fortnights per year (520 over 20 years), and banks use a 365-day year to calculate t he interest charge.Required:a. What would your fortnightly loan payment be for each bank? b. Assuming you can drink $5 worth of coffee, which bank offers the best deal.Question 5: Present Value and the Opportunity Cost of Capital Kwinana Explorations Ltd have just struck oil in Western Australia. Their share price jumps from $1 to $15.Required:a. Explain why the equilibrium price has changed. b. Do you think the required rate of return for Kwinana will have changed? c. Assume the required rate of return does not change and is 20 per cent. Assume investors had believed there was no chance of an oil strike and expected that the company would wind up at the end of the year. How large a liquidating dividend had they expected? If the company is now to be sold to a multinational oil company at the end of the year, how much do investors expect to get per share? d. Using your answers from Part , calculate the expected return before and after news of the oil strike. e. Assume you got early n ews of the oil strike. What should you do, and what would be your expected return? f. Calculate the NPV of investing $1000 in Kwinana immediately before the news of the oil strike, and calculate NPV of a $1000 investment made immediately after the news. Question 6: Bond Imagine it is year 1815 and you are a trader in British government consols (consolidated war loan a perpetual security). It is the morning of Monday 19 June, the day after the battle of Waterloo. The British were the victors, but the battle was not decided until about nine in the evening. You believe that currently you are the only trader who knows the outcome of the battle.Would you be buying or selling consols? Explain your answer.Question 7: Share Valuation Investors expect the following series of dividends from a particular ordinary share: Year 1 $1.10Year 2 $1.25Year 3 $1.45Year 4 $1.60Year 5 $1.75After the fifth year, dividends will grow at a constant rate. If the required rate of return on this equity is 9% a nd the current market price is $45.64.Required:a. What is the long-term rate of dividend growth expected by the market?b. In the dividend constant-growth model we can apply the equation that P=D/(r-g) only under the assumption that rg. Suppose someone tries to argue with you that for a certain share, r g forever, not just during a temporary growth spurt. Why cant this be the case? What would happen to the share price if this were true? If you try to answer simply by looking at the formula you will almost certainly get the wrong answer. Think it through. Question 8: Investment Decision As a chief financial officer of Delta Pharmaceuticals, you recently received a capital expenditure analysis from your financial team. The two selection criteria results are presented below: Investment NPV IRR Project ($,000) ($,000) (%) 1 300 66 17.2 2 200 -4 10.7 3 250 43 16.6 4 100 14 12.1 5 100 7 11.8 6 350 63 18 7 400 48 13.5 Your company has only $1 million allocated for capital expenditures. The cost of capital for each project is 11 per cent.Requireda. Which of the above projects should the company accept to stay within the $1 million budget?b. How much does the budget limit cost the company in terms of its market value? Answers: 1. Concept of Time value of Money a. The Reason for taking 1$ today rather than at some point of time because the dollar received today can be invested to make more money in future. Apart from that, saving today allows to earn interest on their saving of 1$ which will give higher return in future (Andriosopoulos and Lasfer 2014). b. Global financial catastrophe during 2008 has created housing bubble and lowered the bam interest rate which affected the future value of present invested money. Since the interest is zero then the present value of money would be decreases which would decrease the future value of money. Interest rate for the money is zero would decreases the PV which would again decreases the FV. The relationship between PV and FV is if one increases, the other increases assuming that the interest rate and number of periods remains constant. c. One of the major concepts of time value of money is that money received at different period of time has different value. The corporate manager sees the time value of money ahs opportunity for increasing its funds in future. The fundamental behvaiour behind the this thought is that money the company receive in future would have less purchasing power that money the company own now , this is because of the rising inflation rate (Connor 2006). As for the individuals, if the individuals need $50000 after the retirement from the job of 10 years. The amount needed to deposit at every year from now would be determine the by using the time value of money. The time value of money affects corporate managers when budgeting and planning for fiscal years will be helping the company to manage and control the expenditure. The time value of money will be irrelevant if the interest rate is not given. Future value is irrelevant if the future value is double the present value of investment. Apart from the above, if the time of the future is value of the investment not been given then it will be irrelevant (McSweeney 2006). Time= Money/Cost 2. Present value and Future value As wining prizes , the team will be choosing the $100,000 now because as per the time value of money the money which will be received today will give higher return in future rather than future money. 100,000 *12%= 12000 per month from now onwards Which means , the team will be able to receive= 144000 total at end of every year This shows = 144000 x 5 years = 720,000 in future. This will be higher than the 180000 at the end of five years where the team will only be able to receive 3000 per month till five years. From the above, it has been found that money which will be received today will give higher value because the purchasing power of the money is decreasing every year (McSweeney 2006). Besides that, the time value of money will give an insight of the earnings from the present value of money per month. FVOA= A* (1+r)n-1/r =100,000 x (1+0.12)5-1/5 =100000 x 0.15 = 15246.83 The rest of the option like 180000 for five year ending , 114000 year forever , 19000 for each years of 10 years and 6500 for forever only decrease the value of money future because as the inflation rate is been increasing and the value of money will be decreasing future. 3. Present value, future value and inflation rate Income per capita Annual inflation rate % Nominal income (2013- 2020) Australia 65520 2.7 5326.534874 France 42250 0.69 3028.52 Germany 46100 1.43 3388.065 Greece 22,530 -1.71 -22259.92 Japan 46140 1.61 49251.74 Switzerland 86,600 0.07 8734.394 Turkey 10,950 7.4 1233.33 UK 39140 1.2 2877.94 USA 53,670 1.5 4036.92 FVOA = A x (1+r)n -1/r Australia France Germany Greece 1.0495 0.0079 0.0162 0.0219 1.402 1.0079 1.0162 -1.164 0.402 1.056628003 1.11906 -2.164 0.08129632 0.056628003 -0.988 5326.534874 0.071681017 0.11906 -22259.92382 3028.52 0.0735 3388.065432 Japan Switzerland Turkey UK USA 0.0401 0.1199 2.75 1.125 1.173 1.0401 1.1199 1.75 0.0735 0.075 1.317 2.209 0.113 2877.94 4036.92 1.067 1.209 1233.33 49251.74 0.101 8734.394 4. Effective Interest Rate a. City Bank Loan = 200000 Interest for 1st year = 5% Fortnight = 14 days Compound interest daily EAR = 1+(i/m)m 1 EAR = 1+(0.05/14)14 - 1 EAR = 5.118% F.V. = 3,951,907.97 Application fee = 600 F.V. = 3,951,907.97 + 600 = 3,952,508 The Republic Bank Loan = 200000 Interest for 1st year = 6.75% Fortnight = 14 days Compound interest daily EAR = 1+(i/m)m 1 EAR = 1+(.0675/14)14 1 EAR = 6.966% F.V. = 4,499,141 Both of the bank have to pay 3,952,508 and 4499,141 of fortnightly loan payment. This shows that bank will have to pay more than what it was expected. b.If I drink 5$ worth of coffee then the bank of then I will be choosing the republic banks. One of the major reason for choosing the bank because it charges less interest on coffee and offers a best deal for the client and the company. 5. Present Value and the Opportunity Cost of capital a. The the equilibrium price of the market has been changed because of the Kwinana has purchased the oil field in Western Australia. b. The required of rate of return of the company will be changed because the share price of the company has been jump off from $1 to $15. Since the price of the company has changed it made the company to gain the large or pool of investor who are willing to invest in the company. c. If the company rate of return is not been changed and company is looking to winding up the then investors will get the small percentage of the investment as dividend because of the company has to settle its debt and preference shares. Apart from that, if the Kwinana is looking to sell its company to the largest MNC then they expect share of return will be given as per the share purchased by the investors (Svennebring et al. 2013). d. Expected rate of return would be before news of oil strike would be higher with $15 and after the news the shareholding of the demand will decreased upto $1.20. This shows that strike and other external threats make the investors to change decisions on investment. 6. Bond As per the situation I will sell the shares of the British government consoles. I would sell the loan to as because I know the fate of the war already. The buying of loan would make would cost me higher because of the government has not yet announced when it will be repaying the debt. The money which I will receive today will be more valuable than the tomorrow money. It is simply time value calculations. After the battle is won the government will take at least more than 8-10 years to repay the consolidated loan. 7. Share valuation a. Present Value (P) 45.64 Return on Equity (Ke) 9% Expected Dividend (D1) 1.75 The long term growth rate of dividend shows that , expected dividend is 1.75. These investors who are investing more than 1.45 is very much helpful to gain the long term benefits in future. b. P = D1/(Ke g) 45.64 = 1.75/(0.09 g) g = 0.052% With the help of dividend constants growth model shows the growth of shares by 0.052%. This is because of the assumption under rg. If the scenario is just opposite with r 8. Investment decision Project Investment NPV 1 300 66 2 350 63 3 400 48 4 250 43 5 100 14 Project Investment IRR (%) 1 350 18 2 300 17.2 3 250 16.6 4 400 13.5 a. If the company has one million budget then the company will be choosing highest NPV value giving project such 66, 63 and 43 are the annual return. As per the IRR , the chosen investment rate here would be 18, 17.2 and 16.6. From the above calculation the chosen portfolio investment project for the delta pharmaceuticals would be 350, 250 and 300=900. The rest would be left out. b. As per the budget limit has cost the company to choose only those project which has higher NPV such as 66, 63 , 14 and 43 . however, although the 48 has highest rate of return but it fails to fulfill the 1 million project therefore the 14 npv has been chosen which is has investment worth of $100. Reference List Journals Andriosopoulos, Dimitris, and Meziane Lasfer. 2014. 'The Market Valuation Of Share Repurchases In Europe'. Journal Of Banking Finance. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.04.017. Connor, Tom. 2006. 'Net Present Value: Blame The Workman Not The Tool'. Strat. Change 15 (4): 197-204. doi:10.1002/jsc.766. McSweeney, Brendan. 2006. 'Net Present Value: The Illusion Of Certainty'. Strat. Change 15 (1): 47-51. doi:10.1002/jsc.746. Svennebring, Andreas M, and Jarl ES Wikberg. 2013. 'Net Present Value Approaches For Drug Discovery'. Springerplus 2 (1): 140. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-140.

Violent Media free essay sample

Most of us would also disagree that violent media is good for our children. How is this topic relevance to society? Violent media is often blamed for several catastrophic events linked to rough media influencing these events. As intense activity keeps exploding over the years, more and more disastrous events keep arising making us ask ourselves is violent media good or bad for our kids? . There are also writers that would approve Ferocious Media to be used as a tool to master your children inner rage. Writers like Gerard Jones that would approve violent media such as comic books to help children overcome some of their fears. As always there are two sides in one story and ill be using several sources that relate to the topic and ill ‘be giving you examples, evidence, facts about whether violent media is a worthy choice for you children to be using or a poor choice that should be kept away as they grow up. We will write a custom essay sample on Violent Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the sources ill be using is of the writer Gerard Jones, â€Å"Violent media is good for kids†, original published in 2013. Jones argues â€Å"children need violent entertainment in order to explore the inescapable feelings that they’ve been taught to deny, and to reintegrate those feelings into a more whole, more complex, more resilient selfhood. †(Jones 374). Jones believes that every story whether good or bad can have a positive outcome as a development function. Jones writes â€Å"pretending to have superhuman power helps children conquer the feelings of powerlessness that inevitably come with being so young and small†(Jones 374). Letting your children watch or read violent entertainment can help them overcome some of their fears and can also help teach dependency. Violent stories can be harmless if use properly. His purpose is to illustrate the reader to have an open mind and focus more on the positive side of violent media and not just the negative. Violent media can often be misunderstood; there are also aspects of it that can help hundreds of young people. Being a dad myself it’s a fascinating topic to go over in detail. It’s relevant to the world because violent media can often be link to catastrophic events over the last few years. In response to this Jones states â€Å" I’m not going to argue that violent entertainment is harmless. I think it has helped inspire some people to real-life violence†(Jones 375). This clarifies Jones in not acting in complete denial, he’s completely aware of what violent media can also accomplish, he also discusses that it has helped hundreds of people for every one its damage. Young people are very vulnerable and can be easily influence by others, one way of guiding them it’s the use of storytelling. Storytelling can be highly effective, this includes violent stories, and in helping the young develop their social skills, teaches how to be independent and can help overcome fears. The second source is be discussing is â€Å"Games† written by Steven Johnson published in 2010. Video games can be easily portrayed as a complete waste of time, but there are aspects of video games that can have a positive outcome. Video games are also linked to violent media, making it an argument whether video games help people or make situations worse. I will use this source as a clarification to the topic; I will support my main topic with evidence from this source. Video games can almost always be looked as a completely waste of time, but is that all they do? There are some few good things about video games that can help people in some ways. Johnson writes, â€Å"The best that can be said of them is that they may help promote eye-hand coordination in children. The worst that can be said is that they sanction, and even promote aggression and violent responses to conflict†(Johnson 196). In response to this argument Johnson states video games have bad history among people, they are only observe as tool for destroying our children rather than helping them. Truth is playing video games may not actually be a complete waste of time, it can help people skills in performing tasks and it can also benefit visual intelligence. Johnson comments â€Å"We hear a lot about the content of games: the carnage and drive-by killings and adolescent fantasies. But we rarely hear accurate descriptions about what it actually feels like to spend time in these virtual words†(Johnson 201). Johnson makes a strong argument, spending time in virtual word means putting yourself in the game by exploring what’s around you, exercising your visual memory, and exploring things or places that you never even knew existed. Johnson also compares reading a book, which can tragically isolate people, in oppose to video games, which can be used as a tool to help socialize among other gamers. Video games are by far a more engaging hands-on tool that can be used to explore your mind, help the young to socialize with their colleagues and assists you exercise your visual memory like no book can’t. The third source ill be using is title â€Å"The impact of media violence on children and adolescents† written by Eugene V Beresin, M. D published in 2012. Violent media has been experimental studied and proven to cause children and adolescents to act violently. Violence at its highest point right now targets anything with violence related, what would it be like 100 years from now? How do we stop it? I will use this article as a contradicting viewpoint to violent entertainment. Watching violent television, playing violent video games, even watching music videos that contain violent scenes influence kids and adolescents into doing things that can be portrayed to them as â€Å"normal†. With 99% of homes having a least one TV at home its come to the conclusion to experts that watching violent television programs are affecting our children today. Beresin states â€Å" The typical American child will view more than 200,000 acts of violence, including more than 16,000 murders before age 18†(Beresin 1). This raises a red flag in the matter of how violent media can affect children over the years. Beresin writes â€Å"very young children will imitate aggressive acts on TV in their play with peers†(Beresin 1). Young children are unable to distinguish between fact and fantasy, this can cause them in thinking violence is an OK thing. Also, violence can translate to daily life tricking people on justifying violent acts. Violent acts such as the Connecticut school shooting, that raise a red flag once more, adolescents tempted to use violence in hope of their problems getting solved. Beresin writes â€Å" They may come to see violence as a fact of life and, over time, lose their ability to emphasize with both the victim and the victimizer†(Beresin 1). Violent entertainment can be use as a brainwasher making someone thinking acting violently is completely normal. Its like fashion, everyone wants to wear the latest styles, people follow other people, violence is no different, they want to mock other violently acts but sometimes it goes a little too far. As far as video games Bersesin is concerned about the fact that children get to act out the violence making children tolerable into acting violently among their peers. Violence media is frame as one of the main cause today involving violently acts with all the violence events exposed in every direction we face. The fourth source ill be discussing is â€Å"playing violent video games: good or bad? † written by Darcia Narvaez, Ph. D, published in 2010. We already discuss how video games are good on some ways now where going to talk about the bad things about video games. I will use this source as a contradicting viewpoint to my main topic, stating some of the bad intentions of violent video gaming. As always there are two sides to one story, in this case there are good things and bad things about violent video games. Narvaez states, â€Å"In violent video game play the player learns to associate violence with pleasure. This undermines moral sensitivity†. Playing violent video games can have a negative effect on your children, we’re designed to feel good when doing something good for someone, playing violent games those the opposite of that, builds up anger towards our peers. It gives people other ways into looking at things; it tricks minds into thinking negative taught and storing them inside our brains forever. Narvaez writes â€Å"The player practices violent behavior hundreds if not thousands of times†. These really puts in consideration the phrase â€Å"the more you practice the better you’ll get†. By doing something constantly it becomes an automatic response, it becomes something normal. Not only does violent game influence one but it also teaches someone how to behave like a criminal, how to hurt somebody, how to kill a person, and it does all of this without someone even realizing it. Finally, Narvaez writes â€Å"video games can be addictive because they give immediate rewards for learning†. This can hurt our brain development making people into making not so developed decisions as we get older. Video games damage ours brains making us vulnerable when making tragic decisions. When I was in 2nd grade, everyday afterschool I would play video games in my room for at least three hours and on the weekends I would play 5-6 hours a day. I would play all kinds of video games but the ones that I was most attracted to were shooting games. It became a huge problem not only with my grades but it also isolated me from my classmates. Playing video games has made my ability to concentrate a massive problem. The only thing I could concentrate on was the clock in the wall just waiting for the end of class so I can go back home and play some more games. It became such a problem that my parents started to notice it and it didn’t take time for them to intervene with my obsession. My gaming console was taking away and instead I was sat down and I was force to do homework. My story shows how video games can affect you if constantly using them without giving yourself a time limit. Not only are they time consuming but it can affect you on the long run.

Free Essays on America Play Interpretation

The â€Å"whole† referred to in â€Å"The America Play† seems to embody definitive moments in American History, such as the assassination of President Lincoln. Park focuses not on the celebrated figures of heroism, but those who contributed to the shaping of the country, but have yet to receive credit. The digging of a â€Å"hole† represents the search for the history of unrecognized African-Americans. In Act I, the Foundling Father speaks of the â€Å"Lesser Known† who is compared to Abraham Lincoln and only receives recognition through this association. In trying to find his own voice, the Lesser Known becomes an imitation of Lincoln’s legend. The Foundling Father states that, â€Å"he [The Lesser Man] wanted to grow and have others think of him and remove their hats and touch their hearts and look up into the heavens and say something about the freeing of the slaves. That is, he wanted to make a great impression as he understood Mr. Lincoln to have made,† (Act I, 214). In search of his own identity and recognition, the Lesser Man only lives out the events, and even death, of an already historically recognized figure. Lincoln’s death is made into a gruesome joke, and literally an amusement. No heroism is associated with the sufferers of slavery themselves, forcing the Lesser Man to gain acknowledgment vicariously though an already established historical figure. . A later generation also digs with the intent of uncovering a part of African American history that has been lost in the past. Lucy tells Brazil, â€Å"Itssalways been important in my line to distinguish. Tuh know the difference. Not like you Fathuh. Your Fathuh became confused. His lonely death and lack of proper burial is our embarrassment. Go on: dig. Now me I need tuh know thuh real thing from thuh echo. Thuh truth from thuh hearsay,† (Act II, 21). Lucy seeks to find more than what is acknowledged American H... Free Essays on America Play Interpretation Free Essays on America Play Interpretation The â€Å"whole† referred to in â€Å"The America Play† seems to embody definitive moments in American History, such as the assassination of President Lincoln. Park focuses not on the celebrated figures of heroism, but those who contributed to the shaping of the country, but have yet to receive credit. The digging of a â€Å"hole† represents the search for the history of unrecognized African-Americans. In Act I, the Foundling Father speaks of the â€Å"Lesser Known† who is compared to Abraham Lincoln and only receives recognition through this association. In trying to find his own voice, the Lesser Known becomes an imitation of Lincoln’s legend. The Foundling Father states that, â€Å"he [The Lesser Man] wanted to grow and have others think of him and remove their hats and touch their hearts and look up into the heavens and say something about the freeing of the slaves. That is, he wanted to make a great impression as he understood Mr. Lincoln to have made,† (Act I, 214). In search of his own identity and recognition, the Lesser Man only lives out the events, and even death, of an already historically recognized figure. Lincoln’s death is made into a gruesome joke, and literally an amusement. No heroism is associated with the sufferers of slavery themselves, forcing the Lesser Man to gain acknowledgment vicariously though an already established historical figure. . A later generation also digs with the intent of uncovering a part of African American history that has been lost in the past. Lucy tells Brazil, â€Å"Itssalways been important in my line to distinguish. Tuh know the difference. Not like you Fathuh. Your Fathuh became confused. His lonely death and lack of proper burial is our embarrassment. Go on: dig. Now me I need tuh know thuh real thing from thuh echo. Thuh truth from thuh hearsay,† (Act II, 21). Lucy seeks to find more than what is acknowledged American H...

Intercultural Interview Analysis Essay

Intercultural Interview Analysis Essay Intercultural Interview Analysis Essay Cultural changes have been witnessed in most parts of the world. In the current world, it is becoming difficult to maintain indigenous cultures. This is attributed to the rate at which technology is transforming the world across borders and making interactions between people of different cultures easier. The interaction has facilitated erosion of several aspects of people’s cultures. In place of these cultural norms, people adapt universal ways of doing things which determine how they carry out social aspects of their lives. However, this has not always been the case; people had distinct cultural values that determined how they went about their economic and social affairs. These elements identified the different cultural groupings back then. Consequently, understanding these aspects and adapting to them represent the greatest challenge for people who work across borders. Even though there have been continuous erosion of most cultural values, these changes are more pronounc ed in the younger generation. The older generation is more rigid in the aspect that they have held to cultural values. Understanding a people’s culture is critical in communicating with the people. It is the reason why one has to know the culture before setting out to interact with a different cultural group. The best way to understand cultural differences is by carrying out interviews. This paper structures such an interview with a fellow student who is a Mexican. Interview structure The questions to ask in the interview are modeled to understand the differences between North American culture and Mexican culture. These questions put emphasis on the importance of communication in the Mexican culture, and how communication is facilitated across different members of the culture. The first question will ask recognizable differences on how people communicate in America as compared to Mexico. The second question will focus on whether there is equity across gender groups in the Mexican culture. The third question focuses on the use of non verbal signs in both cultures while the last question will ask the difficulties in adapting to American culture if one is from Mexico. Getting adequate answers to these questions will help in understanding the Mexican culture and how communication can be facilitated between an American and a Mexican. Interview analysis The interview which took about 30 minutes brought out certain differences as well as similarities between the two cultures. Most importantly, it helped provide information on how communication can be facilitated between the two cultures. Starting with the differences, the Mexican culture has a different inclination on what prompts their interest in conversations. In North America, it is easy to elicit conversations through fairy tales and detective stories as these thrill a significant part of the American communication. This is very different from Mexicans who find thrill in stories themed on love myths and legends. The difference is critical in establishing what mode of communication to adopt in reference to Americans or Mexicans (Crouch, 2004). It is worth noting that Mexicans delight in fantasy or fantasizing while Americans prefer hard reality. Using factual information as a head start for a conversation with a Mexican may not prompt a conversation and it would hinder communicat ion between the individuals. Americans are automatically trusting. On the other hand, Mexicans are automatically suspicious and require a clear indication of intent coupled with actual evidence before trusting. To encourage communication with a Mexican, one needs to give them time to understand the person or else they would become suspicious. Consequently, in such cases, no meaningful communication would take place. Americans encourage criticism and are not opposed to change. Mexicans on the other hand eschew criticism and are fearful of change. Criticizing a Mexican the same way one would do to an American would attract a hostile reaction which would hinder effective communication. There are also views on gender equity which impacts communication between Americans and Mexicans. Americans have little emphasis on male supremacy and talking to a woman is not taken as belittling a man. In contrast, Mexicans are a patriarchal society where talking to a woman preferentially is viewed as demeaning to a man. This disco urages sober communication and in some instances elicits hostility from the predominantly patriarchal society. However, there are some similarities in the two cultures, the most common being use of gestures in communication. These gestures include nodding which means acceptance and shaking of one’s head which denotes negation (Mente, 2009). These are the only clear cut similarities impacting on information between the American and Mexican cultures. In conclusion, intercultural analysis enabled by this kind of an interview involves an actual encounter between two participants who represent different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. It presents an opportunity to identify similarities and differences between these linguistic and cultural backgrounds. By identifying these differences and similarities, those seeking to interact have a basis of doing it successfully by creating the right impression. The right impression encourages communication and makes it easy to elicit information or conduct business in the foreign culture. However, the success of this is dependent on the structure of the interview which should include questions on all aspects that impact communication within the other culture. From the above comparison, it is easy to understand the Mexican culture and this facilitates easy communication within the cultural setup.

Roles Played by Financial Institutions in an Economy Essay

Roles Played by Financial Institutions in an Economy - Essay Example Financial Institutions play a very important role in the economy by the provision of various financial instruments (Frank, 2003). Different types of Financial Institutions provide different services to its members or clients. For example, Banks provide such services as mortgages, loans, and credit cards while on the other hand a financial institution such as Insurance Firms provide services such as insurance services, securities and buying and selling services of real estate. These financial institutions, however, interconnect with one another to provide different roles in the economy. Some of the major roles of Financial Institutions are discussed in this essay as follows. The first major role of financial institutions in the economy is that the financial institutions motivate the financial sector of the economy. Financial institutions such as banks in most cases will use the resources that they own to benefit themselves (Sera, 2005). They will use these resources to make profits for themselves and for their own growth. This is however helpful to the economy of a country as there will be an increase in the business of investing when these financial institutions grow. This because there will be a boost in the financial instruments such as an increase in the number of loans that a bank can give to an individual or to other companies. With the growth of these financial institutions, the financial sector of the economy becomes motivated and the economy of the country is strengthened. The second role of the financial institutions in the economy is that the financial institutions will introduce and develop Niche strategies.  

Enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Enviroment - Essay Example However, very little has been done to minimize the overdependence as dramatic increase has been witnessed over the years and the trend is expected to continue. The main concern of the American Jewish Community is the fact that the enemy is being strengthened at the expense of national security while the government is also concerned about the economic growth. There is an urgent need to adopt new and environmental friendly sources of energy such as wind and solar energy so as to reduce the overdependence on oil. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) was enacted to help reduce energy consumption through the manufacture of vehicles that uses fuel efficiently. The legislation has since been neglected by the congress leading to an increase in the number of fuel guzzlers. The Brighter Source Company which is owned by Israel plans to put up a major solar power plant after receiving a major funding from the government. This tender was awarded to the firm since it uses the most advanced level of technology and expertise given its familiarity with desert conditions. The move is seen to be a major boost to the U.S- Israel ties. This project will greatly reduce importation of oil from the Middle East and will also strengthen the image of U.S as the world’s super

The Esoc Board Essay Example for Free

The Esoc Board Essay As mentioned in Lecture 3 and the textbook, most logic circuits today are built using programmable logic devices (PLDs). These devices allow circuits to be built directly onto single chips, without the need for interconnection of separate, single purpose ICs. The eSOC II (electronic System-on-a-Chip) board is designed to allow a direct interface between the Quartus II software and the Altera Cyclone II EP2C8 FPGA. The board provides an interface to the chip, along with supporting interface hardware. Details about the construction and use of the eSOC II board are available in the eSOC II Users Guide supplied with the board. The following is a summary of data taken from that Guide. The eSOC II board is shown in Figure 1 (taken from the User Guide from Arches Computing Systems). The board contains the Altera FPGA (in the center), a 24 MHz clock source (U8 to the left of the FPGA), and numerous input switches and output displays. Figure 1 – eSOC II Board (from User Guide September 6, 2006) There are three types of input switches, single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) toggle switches (S1 and S2), debounced push-button (SPST) switches (DB0 and DB1), and non-debounced push-button switches (B0 – B3). Bouncing is a mechanical effect where a switch rapidly alternates between â€Å"on† and â€Å"off† when pressed as the metal contacts make and break connection as the parts â€Å"bounce† off each other. A debounced switch is designed so that any closure produces a single on to off or off to on indication. The output features include red LEDs (RED0 – RED7), green LEDs (GRN0 – GRN7) and two seven-segment displays (Digit0 and Digit1). The FPGA uses a random access memory (RAM) technology. This will be explained in a later course, for now the key concept is that a program is stored and maintained only as long as the power is applied (like a document you forget to save, the data disappears when the power is removed). This means that every time the eSOC II board is turned off, the program in the FPGA is lost. There is a method to save a program using a different type of memory that is on the board. This memory, U3, stores the program even after power is removed. This feature will be explored in a later course.

My Monday Essay -- Descriptive Essay Day Mondays Essays Papers

My Monday Faint, distant voices echo through the dense, plastered walls. Only seconds later, I hear the ear-splitting clamor, resonating from my jet-black alarm clock. Twisting and turning around, fighting my way through the entangling satin sheets, I find my way to the source of the bellowing sound, and then I clumsily hit the snooze button. Eight peaceful minutes pass until the same obnoxious sound calls out again. This time, I willfully hit the tiny, round off button. Stretching my stiff arms towards the stars, and yawning like a bear after waking from a long, deep hibernation, I stumble out of bed and put my fuzzy, red and black ladybug slippers on my tired, cold feet. A look of horror appears on my face when I see my frazzled hair in a far away mirror. Regaining my composure, I continue onward to the subdued, vacant bathroom, to get ready for another unpredictable, manic Monday. First things first, I flip the light on to activate the dormant bathroom, and I answer nature's call. After washing my hands in the tepid water, I grab my nut-brown hairbrush, and battle my way through the overwhelming tangles. Completing that formidable task, I pull the round, blue bottle of Noxzema out of the golden, oak cabinet to wash my face. Scents of menthol, camphor, and eucalyptus filter through my head and awaken my senses. Now fully awakened, I scamper to the kitchen, grabbing my blue and yellow bag of doughnuts, and pouring myself a cup of cold milk. Chocolate tickles my nose when I open my bag of delicious doughnuts. While enjoying my savory breakfast, the bong of the grandfather clock warns me that it is almost time to depart from my comfy home. Immediately I gather all of my belongings, jump in my red Oldsmobile, and rush to ... ...me wish the end of the day came faster, so I can go to work. Coincidentally enough, the dismissal bell rings, and I am off to work. When I get to work, my boss sends me to the warehouse to plant an endless amount of tiny, green petunias. The smell of fertilizer and cocoa mulch gives me a splitting headache that rests at the base of my head. After three long hours of tedious work, I exhaustedly drive home. My mom greets me when I arrive at home, and I watch television with her for a short time. I then help her grill a thick, juicy steak, and bake russet potatoes for dinner. After dinner I take a long, hot, invigorating shower. I finish up my chores and eat a snack before turning in. Finally, I tell my parents goodnight, and I crawl into my maroon, satin sheets, pulling my soft, down comforter over my tired head, already dreaming of what's in store for tomorrow.

Lady Macbeth’s Confession letter to Macbeth Essay

I am very sorry to say that I cannot live with the murder on my mind. Whenever I am asleep I dream about his death and I dream that my hands are full of blood. I am afraid of dark and I sleep walk reliving the night King Duncan was murdered. I cannot cope with the change in our life. I wish our life could go back to normal all the excitements all the joy, happiness and when you have beaten the Repel Scottish Lords. All the rewards you got for winning the battles. Since you have met the witches you have changed a lot you don’t even have time for your wife who you use to call the â€Å"my dearest partner in greatness†. Why did you have to meet them witches because I think they are the one who ruined our sweet life. We were living so peacefully and happy since them three â€Å"evil weird sisters† told you that you can be future king if you kill Duncan. You wrote to me and told me about the evil witches predictions. I know I am the one to blame for forcing you into murdering King Duncan. If he didn’t visit us and stayed with us this never have happened. I looked so easy and made me think that I have got the best chance to get him killed and make you the king because I wanted you to be happy. Since he died my life gone so bad and miserable I think it’s the guiltiness and I cannot live with it no more so I have decided that I am going to suicide.

Jobs of the Future

Jobs of the Future In The Economist, there is an article called Into the Unknown (November 13, 2004. ) This article also appears in the book Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. The author of Into the Unknown is unverified. In this article, the author talks about how the jobs of the future will come to change. Machines and mechanical devices are taking over the jobs of physical workers and the work force demands are ever changing. â€Å"Mechanical devices are already ousting skilled clerical workers and replacing them with operators†¦ Opportunity in the white-collar services is being steadily undetermined. –Stuart Chase, an American writer. This quote was published in his book, Men and Machines in 1929. Our concerns about manufacturing jobs heavily relates to the concerns that Stuart Chase had. As more technology is produced more jobs are being lost, although new jobs are being created. This is more prevalent with production technology. This new technology yields l ower cost and higher profits. This in turn lifts demand for new goods and services. The facts state that new jobs are being created, but there is always worry about the jobs that are to come in the future.America has a considerable amount of technology jobs to India in the past few years. On the contrary, the number of technological white-collar jobs in the U. S has risen. This goes to show how when jobs are lost, more often than not new ones are created. The boss of Wipro, Azim Premji, says â€Å"IT professionals are in short supply in America, within the next few months, we will have a labor shortage† (177. ) This can further confuse us Americans about lost jobs. Some say that about 14 million Americans (about 11% of the workforce) hold jobs that are at the risk of outsourcing (177. Some of these jobs include paralegals, legal assistants, computer professionals and computer operators. Ashok Bardhan, an economist at the University of California at Berkely, says that some of this work can be done elsewhere now. This may or may not have an effect on jobs and revenue. This of course heavily depends on supply and demand in the market of labor and the effort of the American workers to re train in different fields. Computer professionals have been noticing that certain maintenance jobs are no longer in as much demand in America.Indian programmers are willing to do this work much more cheaply. This causes companies such as IBM re train their employees in these skills. Many of these jobs face both foreign AND automated competition. As new technology surfaces, it continually causes employees to re train and even sometimes change jobs Although it may seem as if these jobs will be taken, the jobs of the future are ever changing. As jobs are eliminated, new ones emerge and this cycle will continue to happen.

social darwinsim history essays

social darwinsim history essays Social Darwinism and its use to Justify Business Practices of the 19th and Thesis: The need for a justification of enormous wealth of a few and an unimaginable poverty of millions was, as many tend to believe, fulfilled by the emergence of a theory called Social Darwinism, which on one hand was regarded as a primary defense of business activities, and on the other, was I. Definition and origin of Social Darwinism III. Overemphasis on Social Darwinism B. Relied on Christian and other arguments During the late 19th, and early 20th century, the United States experienced a growth of industry like it has never seen before. New patents and inventions flourished. New products flooded the market. While thousands of poor, hungry, and unemployed crowded the streets, the rich were busy displaying their enormous wealth. Even though the need for reform was overwhelming, for the majority of Americans, nothing was being done. The big bosses were able to buy off the politicians and persuade them to vote in their favor. While the rich were getting richer, and the poor getting poorer, the politicians watched. The need for a justification of the enormous wealth of a few and an unimaginable poverty of millions was, as many tended to believe, fulfilled by the emergence of a theory called Social Darwinism, which on one hand was regarded as a primary defense of business activities, and on the other, was nothing more than a myth. Social Darwinism, the experts say, "was a short-lived theory of social evolution, vigorously discussed in America, which rationalized and justified the harsh facts of social stratification in an attempt to reconcile them with the prevalent ideology of equalitarianism. The emergence of Social Darwinism was perhaps the most visible effect on the social sciences of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species" (Tax and Krucoff 402). In simple terms, Social Darwinism was an application (ma...

Famous Stones and Their Legends and History

Famous Stones and Their Legends and History Certain stones started out as dumb common boulders, like all the rest. But one day they got a lucky break, and now theyre genuine rock stars. Heres a few of them. Family pride leads me to start with Plymouth Rock, that sturdy icon of American strength and faith. Its a chunk of Dedham Granodiorite that, the legend goes, was sitting where John Alden of the Plymouth Colony first stepped on American soil in 1620. That great man is my ancestor 13 generations back, but I didnt learn this legend in my fathers lap; instead I read about it on some Web site. And the legend isnt actually true either. In fact Plymouth Rock is a fraction of its old self, having suffered many indignities during its up-and-down history. I prefer the idealized image of the rock in its better days, as shown on a souvenir plate from the John Alden Shop in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Surely no humbler-looking object has ever been depicted by the porcelain artists at Jonroth Co., England, unless they made a plate to commemorate mashed potatoes (which would be a good idea). Somewhat more exalted, if only in being higher off the ground, is the Blarney Stone, set in the battlement of Blarney Castle in Cork, Ireland. Kissing the stone gives you the gift of persuasive speech. Legend has it that this boulder is half of the Stone of Scone, awarded to the great Cormac McCarthy for supporting Robert the Bruce in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. A geologist recorded his judgment that the Blarney Stone is the same stuff as the rest of the castle, which is made of local limestone (a lower Carboniferous biomicrite, to be more precise). I swear its true, but the last time I checked the Web page documenting that, it had mysteriously vanished- something that almost never happens! Was the geologist himself talking blarney? Im not sure, because another legend has it that the true Blarney Stone was taken away, which means the geologist was looking at a sham stone. The Stone of Scone itself is the rock upon which the kings of Scotland were crowned, and the Scots know it as the Stone of Destiny. The English took it in 1296 when they conquered Scotland and had the stone built into the royal coronation chair to keep the tradition alive. (The stone was returned in 1996, but can be taken back whenever its time to crown a new monarch.) You see already that if the English took it in 1296, then Robert the Bruce could not have split it with Cormac McCarthy in 1314. The Stone of Destiny is a block of yellowish sandstone of uncertain origin. Legend traces it to ancient times as the very stone upon which Jacob laid his head in Genesis chapter 28, and thus it is a solid symbol of the Promised Land. But a legend says the stone the English took in 1296 was a fake! That would solve the discrepancy with the Blarney Stone- if we assume that one is also a fake. Perhaps the most exalted rock in every sense is the Black Stone of the Kaaba, a dark boulder set in silver on the wall of Islams central shrine, the Kaaba, in Mecca. It marks the starting point of the walk around the Kaaba at the heart of the holy pilgrimage called the hajj. Islamic experts make it clear that the Black Stone is not holy in itself. For instance, the Black Stone was once taken away for many years, and the hajj was not affected. (Perhaps the royals of the British Isles could learn from this.) The Black Stone has its own story, a good one. It is said that when the patriarchs Abraham and Ishmael were building the Kaaba, the stone was delivered to them by the archangel Michael. That story is consistent with the Black Stone being a meteorite, and indeed meteorites have been prized and revered by many different peoples around the world. But I wouldnt ask any Muslim, even a geologist, to waste one second of their hajj examining the stone to satisfy my curiosity. Scientists too have given names to stones- even geologists, who you think might know better. For example there are the rocks on Mars, sitting around the landers. But my favorite example is the roster of 162 sliding rocks of Racetrack Playa, in the California desert. Each one is being mapped with GPS technology by geologist Paula Messina of San Jose State University, and each of them bears a womans name. In fact each stone has its- I mean, her own Web site, and if thats not fame I dont know what is. Every year the stones are found sitting on the vast dry lakebed, but not in the same position. Behind each one is a shallow track in the cracked playa mud, proof that some rare combination of wind, water and physics animates them when no one is there to see. Thats no legend . . . merely a mystery. (But just in case youre keeping up, heres the latest and most plausible explanation.) PS: The Japanese created an art form out of stones: suiseki. The idea is to find natural stones that reproduce things like mountains, but on a desktop scale. Suiseki stones arent famous but they are beautiful, and sometimes quite valuable. See some examples of this Earth art.

Human Resources Administration In Education And Schools Essay

Human Resources Administration In Education And Schools - Essay Example Strategies that can be used to create and deliver effective staff development programStaff development is a training process viewed in two dimensions. It includes in-service training program where individuals in an organization given opportunities to further their education to enable them to prepare for future positions and training is aimed to prepare individuals to be able to handle new job assignments. Staff development connotes the organization’s efforts in its program to provide the need-based training and education to its workers to enable them to become competent in handling their present or future assigned tasks.Several strategies can be used to create an effective staff development program. There are two mostly use: on the job training and assistant to training. On the job training mostly happen on the job and this method is an effective method of training. It is easiest to organize and less costly. Employees get placed in the actual work situation that makes them pro ductive. They learn by doing the real work that is the best training method for jobs that are hard to simulate or can be learned quickly by performance. With assistant to training process, a trainee studies under a master worker for a given period or until a trainee acquire necessary skillsInitiation of an effective induction process is one way that the organization can contribute to personal assimilation, as well as to the personal development, security, and need the satisfaction of each member of the organization.

Analysis of professional practice in Strength & Conditioning Essay

Analysis of professional practice in Strength & Conditioning - Essay Example To be a sportsperson one must attain this either on your own or through the help of strength and conditioning practitioners. Most of sports clubs have employed the scholars in this field in order to improve the environment conditions of the sportspeople. Strength and Conditioning professionals have a legal duty to provide an appropriate level of supervision and instruction in order to meet reasonable standards in the sports jurisdiction. I am going to base my analysis in football as an area where a lot of these practitioners have been employed. Familiarizing with the strength and conditioning rules before engaging in them. There is always written regulations to avoid minor and major injuries whenever a football player is engaging into the activity. The sports practitioners have a duty to inform new and continuing footballers about the rules of the field and the changes if any. This may be done by the coach in small clubs either by holding a class or by giving the players written materials as a reference. â€Å"When rules and regulations are not followed carefully the outcome having injuries or being in minor and major risks of becoming paralyzed†. (Johnson, 1885, p.1-2). This strongly approves the major reasons of employing the professionals because a club may encounter a risk of losing a good and talented player if they ignore the rules familiarity. In involving a player in the process of strength and conditioning it will also involve risks and the participants are always informed of them and sometimes required to sign a statement that effects (Paul, and Earle, 2010, 36). All professional football players mainly sign a contract which is an agreement which states how long the player should be in the club and the payments either per game or monthly. Not only this but also in he or she has to undergo medical checkups so as to establish the health legality to be in the club. If the person qualifies all these therefore she or he is

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Essay Example fMRI measures brain activity indirectly, namely by measuring change in oxygen content; this is called the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism. However, fMRI has certain limitations. For instance, the fMRI signal reflects changes in oxygen content with high but insufficient spatial-time resolution. Hemodynamics in response to neuronal activity is revealed on a spatial-temporal scale far longer than the neuronal activity itself. Here, so-called temporal "blurring" of the fMRI signal is caused by both inertance and residual effects. In spite of such obstacles, changes in neural activity associated with individual trials or components of a trial in a task can be observed. Moreover, it is possible to capture brain activity associated with a single momentary cognitive act of mentally rotating a stimulus, without recourse to averaging over events (Buckner & Logan 2001, p. 31). Special fMRI experimental designs such as event-related fMRI designs are required in these cases. There are numerous difficulties in separating the processing roles of specific brain areas. Usually such separation is provided either by well matched task comparisons or through convergence across multiple studies. However, brain activity changes can be relative changes between pairs of tasks, gradual or even nonlinear changes across a series of tasks, or correlations between different tasks. How can tasks and trials within a task be constructed to separate brain cognitive operations This is a key problem of fMRI experimental design. There are several approaches for its solving. The basic approach is to have subjects engage in a target behavioural task for a period of time and then contrast that task period with periods where subjects perform a reference task. Here, the subject might perform a target task, and the measurement obtained during the performance of that task would be contrasted with a measurement obtained when the subject performed a matched reference task. How to substantiate this approach It is obvious that brain activity will change between the two task states and therefore will correlate selectively with the manipulated task demands. When using fMRI, images are taken of the brain repeatedly and in sequence. Brain areas of activation are identified by examining which specific regions change signal intensity as the task state changes from the reference condition to the target task. Then, statistical procedures ranging from direct comparisons between task states to more sophisticated estimations of correlations among task states can be employed to identify those regions whose activity change is unlikely to occur by chance. Unfortunately, tasks designed by such approach may cause differences in the processing strategies adopted by subjects during task performance by means of the blocking of trials, which may result in differential patterns of neural activity that do not have to do with the item-specific processes elicited by the individual trials. This issue can appear in delicate forms in cognitive paradigms where subject strategies may be

History of Autism Identification

History of Autism Identification Natures Smudged Lines When Kanner published his autism paper in 1943, he felt it was premature at that point to propose a set of criteria for diagnosing the condition he described. To make the pattern visible to his peers, he proposed two essential common characteristics shared by all children with this syndrome. The first was a will to self-isolation, present from birth. The second was a fear of change and surprise. These two characteristics became the diagnostic basis known as classic autism, or Kanners syndrome. In 1961, a British psychiatrist named Mildred Creak led a working party that established a nine-point criteria for the diagnosis of autism, based in part on studies of 100 children she herself had collected. The nine points were: Sustained impairment of interpersonal relationships Unawareness of personal identity Preoccupation with particular objects Striving to maintain sameness Acute anxiety produced by change Abnormal perceptual experience (hearing and vision) Failure to develop speech beyond a limited level Distortion of movement Some learning difficulty, but some islets of particular skills or abilities or knowledge These criteria represented the first set of standardized criteria for the diagnosis of autism, which she called schizophrenic syndrome in childhood. They differed significantly from Kanners two-point criteria and were more difficult to apply in practice. *** In the late 1960s, a young British psychiatrist name Lorna Wing set out to help her husband, John, a schizophrenia researcher at the University of London, compile a database of case records in Camberwell to determine if the National Health Service was providing the families of cognitively disabled children with adequate resources. John and Lorna had a daughter Susie, who was diagnosed with autism when she was three years old in 1959. It didnt take long for John and Lorna to figure out that there were almost no resources in place to support the families of children like their daughter. But fortunately they could send Susie to Sybil Elgars school. Sybil Elgar was a school secretary who was taking a correspondence course to become a Montessori teacher. After visiting an institution for severely and emotionally disturbed children in London in 1958, she started teaching classes for a small group of autistic children in the basement of her house in London. Susie Wing became one of her early students. In 1962, a group of parents from the National Autistic Society converted an old railway hostel in Ealing into the Sybil Elgar School using the money they raised. The Beatles visited the school one afternoon, and John Lennon became one of the schools first major donors and attracted other celebrities to the cause. In the late 1960s, when the Medical Research Council (MRC) asked John Wing to examine the prevalence of autism, he put a graduate student named Victor Lotter on the case. They sent out thousands of questionnaires to schoolteachers, training center supervisors, nurses, and parents in Middlesex and screened the entire population of eight- to ten-year-olds. Basing his selection criteria for autism on Creaks Nine Points, Lotter calculated a prevalence estimate of 4.5 cases of autism in 10,000. A closer look at the numbers reveals several problems. They found that several children had been screened out because they didnt fit Kanners criteria. Suspicious of the validity of Kanners criteria, Lorna Wing took a different approach in analyzing the data. Rather than using a top-down method as Lotter had done, she employed a bottom-up approach, searching for aspects of autistic behavior among children in Camberwell who were already identified as cognitively disabled. She and another MRC researcher named Judith Gould reached out to everyone whose job might bring them in contact with a child with special needs. Just as the Middlesex study predicted, they found only a handful of children in Camberwell 4.9 in 10,000 who met Kanners criteria. But Lorna and Judith didnt stop there. As they made their rounds of the neighborhood, they noticed a much larger group of children who had signs of his syndrome, but were not eligible for a diagnosis under his guidelines. While Lorna was trying to make sense of what she was seeing, she came across a paper by Dirk Arn Can Krevelen arguing that Kanners autism and Asperger syndrome were distinct conditions. After John (who can speak German) translated Aspergers paper for her, she realized that Asperger had seen the same thing in Vienna that she was seeing in Camberwell. Lorne began a quiet but determined campaign to expand the concept of autism to include people who had been excluded from Kanners. To replace Kanners unified syndrome, she proposed the term the autistic continuum. While there were clearly many shades and hues along this continuum, all autistic people seemed to benefit from the same highly structured and supportive educational approaches, just as Asperger predicted. It was apparent that a person could occupy one point on the continuum at a given point in their lives and another point later. Some children, like Susie, would remain disabled into middle age and beyond. But others blossomed in unexpected ways when given an accommodating environment and special consideration by their teachers. In 1981, Lorna codified the condition for Asperger syndrome by writing a case series of her own called Aspergers Syndrome: A Clinical Account. Over time, Lorna would lose her taste for the word continuum and adopted the term autism spectrum.

Free Essays - Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God When faced with urgent moral conflicts such as during the hurricane in Zora Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, men generally have two choices: help others or help themselves. Hurston's characters choose to they help others before attending to their own needs for survival. The characters' actions are typical of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of the categorical imperative: actions are intrinsically good and do not find justification in their effects, nor does one expect compensation for his actions. In short, one could say that the very lack of thought on the part of Hurston's characters indicates the characters unyielding confidence in their beliefs and the basic moral goodness they possess. The first event in Hurston's story is the evacuation of the muck as Lake Okechobee overtakes the characters' village. Hurston's characters could run away as fast as their legs can carry them, but they instead notify neighbors without delay. As Hurston describes it, "They cried out as best they could, `De lake is comin'!' and barred doors flew open and others joined them in flight..." (154). They expect nothing for their actions, but they inevitably save many families. Moreover, although Motor Boat refuses to leave the high house, he still makes an offer to his friends which is as selfless as he can make it: "Mah mamma's house is yours" (155). Motor Boat acknowledges his friends' trouble, as well as his own, but he offers his mother's house as a lodging simply because it is the right thing to do. Contrary to what might be contended, the white people on the Six Mile Bend bridge, however, are not necessarily demonstrating egoism. A finite area of bridge exists, and if white people were there first (156), then the white people can claim its use. On the other hand, they could be charitable by moving on after a rest and allowing the weary blacks to rest before continuing the journey to Palm Beach or high ground. Hurston could be again demonstrating her perceived differences between the races, but the degree of racism depends on readers' viewpoints. Not too long afterwards, Tea Cake demonstrates benevolence as he notices a man trapped between an electrified tin roof and a rattlesnake. Tea Cake notices the man's predicament and stops to urge him to move to his left. Readers can presume the man was freed by taking Tea Cake's advice, but in the spirit of the categorical imperative, Tea Cake does not wait in expectation of laurels. Free Essays - Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God When faced with urgent moral conflicts such as during the hurricane in Zora Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, men generally have two choices: help others or help themselves. Hurston's characters choose to they help others before attending to their own needs for survival. The characters' actions are typical of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of the categorical imperative: actions are intrinsically good and do not find justification in their effects, nor does one expect compensation for his actions. In short, one could say that the very lack of thought on the part of Hurston's characters indicates the characters unyielding confidence in their beliefs and the basic moral goodness they possess. The first event in Hurston's story is the evacuation of the muck as Lake Okechobee overtakes the characters' village. Hurston's characters could run away as fast as their legs can carry them, but they instead notify neighbors without delay. As Hurston describes it, "They cried out as best they could, `De lake is comin'!' and barred doors flew open and others joined them in flight..." (154). They expect nothing for their actions, but they inevitably save many families. Moreover, although Motor Boat refuses to leave the high house, he still makes an offer to his friends which is as selfless as he can make it: "Mah mamma's house is yours" (155). Motor Boat acknowledges his friends' trouble, as well as his own, but he offers his mother's house as a lodging simply because it is the right thing to do. Contrary to what might be contended, the white people on the Six Mile Bend bridge, however, are not necessarily demonstrating egoism. A finite area of bridge exists, and if white people were there first (156), then the white people can claim its use. On the other hand, they could be charitable by moving on after a rest and allowing the weary blacks to rest before continuing the journey to Palm Beach or high ground. Hurston could be again demonstrating her perceived differences between the races, but the degree of racism depends on readers' viewpoints. Not too long afterwards, Tea Cake demonstrates benevolence as he notices a man trapped between an electrified tin roof and a rattlesnake. Tea Cake notices the man's predicament and stops to urge him to move to his left. Readers can presume the man was freed by taking Tea Cake's advice, but in the spirit of the categorical imperative, Tea Cake does not wait in expectation of laurels.

Prose Written Before Nineteen Hundred Essay

This assessment objective requires students to respond to the question with views informed by the interpretations of others. By others is meant fellow students, teachers and, more obviously, professional critics. Others can also refer to cultural perspectives adopted from varying standpoints: religious, political, class, age or gender based. The requirement can be looked at in two ways: (i) as a request that we include the views of critics to illuminate a point, support an argument or as claims that needs to be challenged. Remember that external critical opinions need to be acknowledged ( and referenced where possible) in order to pre-empt accusations of plagiarism. (ii) as an invite to demonstrate awareness that we tend, as individuals, to interpret texts from within sets of personal and cultural frameworks: gender, age, class, race, nationality, creed, historical era and psychological make-up. For example, your sympathy or otherwise Henry Fleming in The Red Badge of Courage may be influenced your gender age, class and political affiliation, creed, psychological make-up and the era in which you are rooted. General McClurg’s famous diatribe on the novel clearly relates to his upbringing, military experience and status and particular brand of patriotism. Other, more appreciative views of the work may have been constructed from within a different, more humanistic sphere. Coriolanus has been interpreted in different places and eras as military hero, fascist strongman and tyrannical opponent of democracy. It is obvious that at the present day one’s sympathy or otherwise for Coriolanus could relate to one’s politics. The question of whether King Lear implies the existence of an after life and an ultimate moral order may be determined by whether or not the reader possesses a religious sensibility. Whereas a Christian might see the plot as having a ‘redemptive pattern’, an atheist might view the conclusion as patently pessimistic. Again, attitudes to the sisters in the play could relate, at least partially, to the reader’s views on feminism and attitude to patriarchy.

Education Is Not Luxury

In † Education Is Not Luxury†, Stephen Joel Trachtenberg discussed about that people should take school seriously and in his opinion, † Topics like these may be putting a squeeze on the time spent on literacy and numeracy. † Years ago, most American worked in farming or in finishing agricultural crops. However, † Agrarian calendar continues to dominate one facet of American life–education. â€Å", even we are no longer agrarian.Schooling was a luxury and it is a long process of educating the young but â€Å"America will never take schools seriously as long as they operate on the ancient agrarian calendar† or â€Å"they are open from only nine to three o'clock or some equivalent. † So people thought that â€Å"this schooling business is a part-time occupation. † So the schools have to do the right thing to make them important to people by spending time on literacy and numeracy. So the schools should be able to teach both acade mic subjects and other things.This would at least show that schools are serious. It could also help teachers to find a job and getting paid. Students would learn what they should learn. † Universities are driven by their double missions of learning and service and the compelling. However young students do not take the class seriously and they do not desired to learn, even have the opportunities to learn. In † Expanding Offerings†, † many students come to school without any training in foreign languages, or that only couple of languages.And † many school districts must deal with immigrant children. † School calendar can help teachers to keep their teaching on track and teaching more. But there are some objections which against to achieve more cause they do not have money, most of learning do not take place at school and extending the school days and making the day longer. Response I strongly agree with Stephen's opinion cause these suggestions whic h he discussed about can really help students to understand why they have to study, what they have to study about and how to study more efficiently.Schools should make people to realize that they are important by spending time on literacy and numeracy. Schools also have to be responsible to the students like making sure they do not spend † additional time to teach what is already being taught. † They are also responding to what is available. † An atmosphere of learning without the first-rate instruction or the various tangibles and intangibles that make learning possible is nothing but a disappointment.† What's more, lengthening the school years can really help to convince † the rest of the world that schools are, at least, serious. † Secondly, â€Å"teachers working conventional hours and a typical work year, it would be possible to begin to pay teacher. † Finally, † it would accommodate all the things that teachers need to teach and young people need to learn. † In my opinion, these are good way to go through and making education more important and common.

beethoven3 essays

beethoven3 essays There resounds a proverbial question, If a tree falls in the woods and no one is there to hear, does it make a sound as it falls? Capricious as this query may appear I have had occasion to entertain just such a notion when, as a youth, I found an exploratory journey down a deep woods path abruptly halted by the greeting of an enormous fallen tree. The colossal obstacle lay across my path and presented itself a motionless, silent guardian that protected that which lay beyond from my further intrusion. What a monumental disturbance must have been witnessed by the forest as this giant came crashing down! I wondered how the tree came to be there in the first place or what of the countless forms of life that had sprang forth from its protective purview over the decades of the trees history. I wondered what might have led to the demise of the strong anchoring system that had so obviously sustained the uprightness of this tower for so long. Not to mention what a scurry for life itsel f must have taken place by the multitude of creatures that were no doubt within the danger zone as tons of falling wood rushed earthward. Notwithstanding the magnitude of this event and the obvious lasting effects that resulted, I still wondered if the falling tree had made a sound? When the life of Ludwig van Beethoven first encroached upon my path, much the same sensation was experienced. No doubt I had heard of the composers name, but then so had I foreknowledge of trees, both fallen as well as standing ones. However, what of this particular composer. Had I ever entertained conversation with him? Had I known of his particular work, achievements, or failures? What difference had been made by this long extinguished life, at least where I was concerned? So here I stood. Yet another fallen giant before me in an apparently posture of complete silence leaving me to contemplate what, if any, true sound had b...

Behind “Sympathy” by Paul Laurence Dunbar Essays

Behind â€Å"Sympathy† by Paul Laurence Dunbar Essays Behind â€Å"Sympathy† by Paul Laurence Dunbar Paper Behind â€Å"Sympathy† by Paul Laurence Dunbar Paper Essay Topic: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings In the 1890s Paul Laurence Dunbar composed a literary work named Sympathy where the speaker’s attention is on a cage bird. This poem perhaps was the result of Dunbar’s after high school experience operating an elevator cage. That was the only job he could find because he was denied positions in business and journalism because of his race (African-American). And by this literary work it can be inferred that he felt trapped at this job, because of his race and the time period.He also compares throughout the poem himself to the caged bird that does not have the freedom to enjoy the nature and to fly like all other birds (white people) at that time. Dunbar uses imagery and symbolism to establish the mood of the story in the poem. Dunbar at the beginning of the poem says When the sun is bright on the upland slope (2), giving the wonderful and peaceful fragmented image of a shining sun on the top of a mountain. He gives the sensation of freedom to the reader, even though the author does not feel free.During the work he also says when the wind stirs soft through the springing grass giving images to show the reader what is like to be in a bird cage (discriminated). Dunbar’s use of great descriptive words gives the reader the sensation of the reader looking at the bird in the cage, being held and bleeding. And it makes the reader feel like the bird (Dunbar) is desperate to get out. The author was held back from a lot of things, counting furthering his career for the reason of the racial outlining during the civil war. He knows what the caged bird feels (1), because he was also detained back.In the last stanza, Dunbar goes on to state about the bird singing, and wanting to get out of this cage immediately and that he sends [a prayer] from his heart’s deep core(19). This symbolizes the Dunbar’s deep need to escape into something further than what he actually is, an isolated poet working at a hotel room. The mood of the work was established by the imagery and the symbolism throughout the poem. In the first stanza, Dunbar starts off with the peaceful image of a green, beautiful and bright landscape. Then he twitches the story a bit by going from a peaceful feeling to a trapped and agonizing one.Dunbar knows why the caged bird beats his wing/ till his blood is red on the cruel bars (8-9), he lived it his own way by the oppression to African-American people in the civil war, he kind of tried to escape the same way. I know why the caged bird sings, ah me, labeling for the reader how the bird really feels after describing everything around him and why he beats his wings to get out of the cage. Dunbar excellent use of imagery and symbolism persuades the reader to get engaged with the story of the poem. And Dunbar’s life experiences gave him the inspiration to come up with the mood of the poem.

Aztec Success Essay Research Paper Aztec SuccessThe

Aztec Success Essay, Research Paper Aztec Success The Triple Alliance was a bond formed in 1482 between the metropoliss of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tacuba. We know the imperium they created as the Aztec Empire. Their reign included the conquest of many adjacent communities. The huge sum of land and people they reigned over caused many jobs because of the tremendous distances and fundamental agencies of communicating. This led to a particular sort of regulation where the distant metropoliss received discriminatory intervention to vouch their trueness. The testimonial system the Ternary Alliance set up was the anchor of their Empire, and it financed the of import spiritual festivals and the luxuries of the opinion category. The testimonial was collected from conquered lands and consisted of everything Mexico could bring forth and devour. The system was rather flexible and adaptable to the jobs of conveyance and the deficiency of an alphabetical authorship system which made rapid communicating troublesome. The ever-expanding conquerings created # 8220 ; a bureaucratic and economic machine of tremendous complexness that fed on a diet of testimonial, trade, and a changeless supply of sacrificial victims from near and distant lands # 8221 ; ( Fagan, 95 ) . The success of the Triple Alliance, in such a short period, came from the alone authorities it created, which incorporated a testimonial system capable of uniting the spiritual, political, and societal values of the clip. The development of the Aztec Empire occurred in an surprisingly short period. The Mexica were the last group to migrate to the vale of Mexico toward the beginning of the 13th century ( van Zantwijk, 40 ) . Their late migration left them moo on the societal graduated table coercing the Mexica to roll for many old ages seeking to happen a lasting colony ( Duran, 13 ) . They lived off the western shore of Lake Texcoco, at Chapultepec for a short clip, but this land belonged to the Tepanec people. In 1299 the Tepanec forced the Mexica to take safety to the South of the lake, on the outskirts of Culhuacan ( Leon-Portilla, 88 ) . The Tepanec sent them there trusting the toxicant serpents of the country would kill them. Alternatively, the Mexica ate the serpents. The Tepanec once more chased the Mexica out in 1323 and so the Mexica founded the site of Tenochtitlan, which was to go a great capital. Meanwhile, the Tepanec were constructing a great imperium in nearby Azcapotzalco. The Mexica s trived to go privileged members of the Tepanec imperium. Although Tepanec confined them to secondary functions, they managed to take advantage of this clip to develop themselves ( Gruzinski, 26 ) . In 1426, Tezozmoc the leader of the Tepanec imperium was succeeded by his boy Maxtla, who hated the Mexica. Soon war broke out between the two groups ( Duran, 61 ) . Texcoco, a adjacent metropolis, besides was at odds with the Tepanec, and so the Mexica, the Tecocan and Tlacopan formed the Ternary Alliance against the Tepanec. The Ternary Alliance formed what is today known as the Aztec imperium. The power of these three metropoliss defeated the Tepanec and took control of their land after a besieging enduring 114 yearss. Tenochtitlan, the Mexica capital, controlled the armed forces and tribute payments while Texcoco held authorization over juridical and cultural personal businesss. Tlacopan became a subordinate to Tenochtitlan and cover largely with external dealingss, like showing offic ial declarations of war for the imperium ( Van Zantwijk, 111 ) . After merely a little more than one hundred old ages in the Valley of Mexico, the Mexica became great leaders. In 1440 the emperor Moctezuma I came in to power. He was to be known as the male parent of the Aztec Empire ( Gruzinski, 31 ) . Moctezuma knew the importance of suppressing neighbouring lands to spread out the power of the Aztecs. The ageless conflicts that Moctezuma I began puting the basis for the success of the imperium. The conquest of neighbours # 8217 ; land was really of import to the endurance of both the Aztec Empire and the universe ( Davies, 42 ) . The testimonial payments gained by suppressing supported the authorities economically and provided the victims for the forfeits which the Aztecs # 8217 ; believed fueled the universe. The conquering of new lands was of import to Aztec faith and society because of the turning demand for worlds to give. The Aztecs believed that someday this universe or Sun would hold to stop. The lone manner to avoid the decease of the Sun was by giving it critical energy enclosed in the chalchiuhatl or # 8220 ; the cherished liquid # 8221 ; which keeps humanity alive, blood. This called for a uninterrupted supply of sacrificial victims, whose Black Marias and blood would be offered up to the Sun, giving the Sun the nutriment necessary to protract its life indefinitely ( Leon-Portilla, 101 ) . To do this possible, the Aztecs started a pattern known as the # 8220 ; flower wars, # 8221 ; periodic conflicts whose intent was to capture possible sacrificial victims. The Aztecs fought these pseudo wars with the people of Texcoco, Tlacopan, Tlaxcala, and Huexotzinco. Soldiers did their best non to kill oppositions but instead to take them alive for forfeit ( Duran, 348 ) . The Aztecs believed the continued being of the existence depended on them, if they did non feed the Sun the dark forces of the dark would destruct it. This gave the Aztecs a justification for all their conquerings. By repressing other people and cut downing them to feeders, they were recognizing a supreme mission ( Leon-Portilla, 102 ) . The Aztec province was therefore devoted to the impression of ageless war ( Davies, 51 ) . Due to the importance of war the Aztec Empire finally expanded to great lengths, stretching from the seashore of the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico and from Northern Mexico to Guat emala ( Fagan, 95 ) . The spiritual, political and societal demands of the community led to this enlargement. The Aztecs # 8217 ; conquerings were besides honoring because the testimonial system required the payment of goods in add-on to prisoners. The Aztecs required any conquered community to pay testimonial or revenue enhancements to the chief imperium in Tenochtitlan. The metropolis of Texcoco received an equal portion of this testimonial, but the control was in the custodies of Tenochtitlan ( Davies, 45 ) . The beginnings province that they distributed the testimonial in a 2:2:1 ratio. Tenochtitlan and Texcoco got two-fifths each and Tlacopan one fifth ( Coe, 171 ) . Tribute could dwell of many things, such as cherished rocks, plumes, chocolate tree, cotton, apparels, unrecorded animate beings, shells, corn, beans, fruit and much more. Gruzinski notes that # 8220 ; Several 10s of 1000s of dozenss of nutrient, more than 100,000 cotton garments, and an impressive 30,000 packages of plumes, and an impressive measure of cherished objects and rare animate beings constituted the testimonial paid in a twelvemonth # 8221 ; ( 44 ) . States that lacked groceries and apparels used people as testimonial, and their services were used for military or public work undertakings ( Fagan, 148 ) . Imperial governments supported local dynasties if they delivered their testimonial payments on clip ( Smith, 76 ) . The local dynasties included land granted to Lords and land controlled by calpullis, a group of households that controlled a territorial unit moving as a channel of goods and services to the province ( Fagan, 146 ) . The authorities imposed and linked societal position to the testimonial gross ( Brumfiel, 679 ) . At the underside were the common mans whose tribute payments supported all the Lords and calpulli ( Smith, 76 ) . Those who worked to supply testimonial received small benefit other so obscure promises of aid in times of dearth and war. Merely a few extremely privileged swayers and Lords enjoyed the full fruits of the trade and testimonial system ( Fagan, 125 ) . The construction of the testimonial system besides allowed the imperium to enroll big nu mbers of people in a short sum of clip. These recruits came from the calpulli and the people controlled by the Lords. This was a major factor in the success of the Aztec Empire. In most of the runs capable neighbours furnished big contingents to organize forces that a individual city state could non conceivably muster ( Davies, 42 ) . The Aztecs could penalize any community that did non pay testimonial about instantly because of the empire’s ability to mobilise military personnels from other feeders in a short clip. The Aztec Empire presided over a assortment of vassal provinces and tense political confederations which kept their ground forcess in the field every twelvemonth ( Fagan, 113 ) . The societal construction of the Aztec community complemented the authorities # 8217 ; s aims. Aztec life existed non for the person but for the group ; each member conformed to societal norms and contributed to the saving of the community and province through revenue enhancement, labour and, in war times, through military service ( Fagan, 138 ) . The authorities imposed the definition of an single # 8217 ; s societal position ( Brumfiel, 679 ) . Authority and testimonial flowed up and down a societal pyramid built on a solid base of close household ties, ancient line of descent connexions and communal ownership of land among the common mans ( Davies, 120 ) . The Aztec Lords consisted of two degrees: the secular bureaucratism of Judgess, functionaries and soldiers and the organisation of priests ( Fagan, 95 ) . Another of import factor that led to the success of the Aztec imperium was their alone construction of the authorities. The communities that they conquered merely felt the repression of the authorities through testimonial payments ( Davies, 41 ) . After suppressing lands the Aztecs left no fort behind, merely a revenue enhancement aggregator. Apart from the revenue enhancement aggregator the Aztecs respected local governments, establishments and traditions ( Gruzinski, 40 ) . The autochthonal swayers and Lords were left in topographic point, but were demoted to the position of center and lower rank functionaries ( Coe, 167 ) . The thought of transition was foreign to the peoples of Mexico. Sometimes the Mexica stressed the cult of their Sun God Huitizilopochtli, but they did non necessitate the conquered people to idolize him. The Aztecs maintained a comparatively peaceable relationship with the conquered by allowing them spiritual freedom. The Aztecs did non hold a regular ground fo rces to function as an busying force ( Gruzinski, 40 ) . Their lone communicating from the conquered towns came through the testimonial payments and merchandisers. The merchandisers sometimes acted as undercover agents for the Aztec authorities, and were compensated for any information refering rebellions in the conquered lands. The Aztecs were more interested in testimonial so appropriation ( Fagan, 130-131 ) . The construction of the authorities caused the different societal groups to experience of import so that there was small opportunity for rebellion. The dominant groups kept subservient groups under control by doing them responsible for some portion of the authorities. Each group had a defined topographic point and got satisfaction by overstating the importance of their function in the system ( van Zantwijk, 26 ) . The Aztecs divided the authorities operations among different cultural groups so that the province could work merely through their cooperation. The societal hierarchy relied on a web of societal and economic dependance that bound Lords and common mans to one another through duty of service ( Fagan, 179 ) . The supreme power ballad in Tenochtitlan and the emperor, nevertheless. The emperor # 8217 ; s place was based on familial sequence by election ( van Zantwijk, 25 ) . Rule depended non merely on force and panic but on personal qualities and model life styles. The maps of the hierarchies and their common relationships changed overtime harmonizing to the administrative, societal, economic and spiritual development of the society ( 74 ) . At first the people acquired rank through accomplishments but finally birth became the overruling factor ( Fagan, 137 ) . This progressively stratified society needed to keep the high degrees of testimonial to feed of all time more non-farmers ( 179 ) . The Aztec imperium faced two major jobs that blocked complete control: tremendous distances and fundamental signifiers of communicating. The imperium at its tallness consisted of Northern Mexico to Guatemala and from the seashore of the Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico. Not merely was this a huge sum of land, but it besides contained a assortment of clime and topography. To add to this problem, the Aztecs had no animals of load, so everything had to be carried on the human back. Messages could take hebdomads to make their finishs, doing communicating really hard. Besides, the Aztecs did non hold an alphabetized authorship system but relied on glyphs, ideographic representations ( Leon Portilla, 44 ) . These failings frequently led to revolts in conquered lands. However, these rebellions were few and easy put down. Since the Aztecs could bring forth a force from any of their tributary communities in a short clip, they could maintain their imperium in line ( Fagan, 148 ) . After such rebe llions the Rebels were crushed and so forced to pay even higher testimonials, non so much of measure, but value and trouble of supply ( 114 ) . The Aztec success at authorities can be attributed to their ability to command such a big district and population through testimonial and fright. The Ternary Alliance knew how to take attention of the populations of the Valley of Mexico. In exchange for warriors the Aztecs, granted the feeders portions of the war loot. Distant metropoliss received discriminatory intervention to vouch their trueness. The Aztecs entrusted others with guarding the frontiers, which exempted them from testimonial payments. The imperium # 8220 ; resembled an huge spider web, with the Ternary Alliance at its centre and a thousand webs linked through matrimony confederations, exchange of services, mutuality and extortion # 8221 ; ( Gruzinski, 42 ) . The whole construction was flexible and adaptable to the imperium # 8217 ; s altering demands. The Aztecs could non trust on efficient agencies of conveyance or an alphabetical authorship system, but they found ways around these troubles. The Aztec Empire was nil like a extremely centralized and totalitarian power, and this is what made it so successful. We can outdo depict it as a # 8220 ; sophisticated tribute-gathering machine # 8221 ; ( Fagan, 113 ) . Every facet of the Aztec imperial authorities was focused on two ultimate terminals: the eating of t-he Sun with the blood of sacrificial victims and the care of the power and prestigiousness of the emperor and the Lords ( 113 ) . Both terminals rested on the complex testimonial system of the Aztec authorities. Lynn Opulski Bibliography Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. # 8220 ; Consumption and Politicss at Aztec Huexotla. # 8221 ; American Anthropologist Sept. 1987 v89 n3: 676-679. Coe, Michael D. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. New York: Thames and Hudson Inc. , 1994. Davies, Nigel. The Aztec imperium: the Toltec revival. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. Duran, Diego. Aztecs: the history of the Indies of New Spain. New York: Orion Press, 1964. Fagan, Brian M. The Aztecs. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. , 1984. Gruzinski, Serge. The Aztecs ; Rise and Fall of an Empire. New York ; Discoveries harry N. Abrams, Inc, Publishers, 1992. Leon- Portilla, Miguel. The Aztec image of ego and society: an debut to Nahua civilization. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992. Smith, Michal E. # 8220 ; Life in the States of the Aztec Empire. # 8221 ; Scientific American Sept. 1997 v277 n3: 76-78. Van Zantwijk, Rudolf. The Aztec Arrangement.